Jean Guyon du Buisson

Jean Guyon du Buisson & Mathurine Robin dit Boulé

Founding Pioneers of New France

Early Life in France

Jean Guyon was baptized on September 18, 1592, in Saint-Aubin de Tourouvre in the Perche region (now part of the Orne department in Normandy).[1][2][3] He was the son of Jacques Guyon and Marie Huet.[4]

Mathurine Robin was born in France around 1593.[5][6][7][8] She was the daughter of Eustache Robin dit Boulé and Mathurine Avrard,[9] though some sources suggest her parents were Thomas Robin and Madeleine Avard.[10] She originated from Mortagne in the diocese of Sées in the former province of Perche (today known as Mortagne-au-Perche, located in the department of Orne in the Normandy region).[6:1][7:1][8:1][11]

By 1614, at just 22 years of age, Jean had established himself as a successful mason who had accumulated enough savings to act as a moneylender. His loans included one of 84 pounds to Pantaleon Bigot.[12] This sum was delivered “in a small gold pistol, fifty-two sol pieces, quarter écus and other white money.”[13]

Marriage and Family Life in France

On June 2, 1615, Mathurine married Jean Guyon in the church of Saint-Jean-et-Saint-Malo in Mortagne.[6:2][14] Jean was 22 years old, and Mathurine was approximately 23.

In 1615, the community of Tourouvre commissioned Jean to build a stone staircase with 31 steps leading to the first floor of their church tower.[15] On November 30, 1615, the parishioners of Tourouvre commissioned “Jehan Froger and Jehan Guyon, of the mason’s estate, residing in the parish of Saint-Jean de Mortagne, a stone ascent to reach the bell tower with a white stone doorway from La Louverye at the foot and entrance of the said ascent.”[16] The staircase Jean built has withstood the centuries and still exists today.

On May 13, 1620, Jean became the godfather of Jean Cloutier in Mortagne, son of Zacharie Cloutier and brother of Anne, who would later be mentioned in Jean’s history.

After the death of his father in 1623, Jean sold the family house in Tourouvre on March 23, 1624, for 55 livres to Marin Lousche, his neighbor and friend who was also the godfather of Jean’s oldest sister. Jean then moved to Mortagne with his mother, settling in a new house purchased from Marin Boucher. This house was located in the Saint-Jean parish, near one belonging to his 1615 associate Jean Froger, on the road from Mortagne to Paris. The house had two rooms with low ceilings on the ground floor, an office, a high-ceilinged room above, a garden, and a pig enclosure. It was valued at 240 livres on April 17, 1632.[17]

At the beginning of their marriage, Jean’s mother came to live with the couple following the death of Jean’s father. The family lived in the parish of St. Jean until Jean’s mother passed away on February 26, 1626, after which they moved to Notre-Dame in Mortagne.[10:1]

After his mother’s death, Jean acquired a larger house in the Notre-Dame parish from priest Rodolphe de la Mare on March 10, 1626. This house was located between land belonging to the heirs of the late Guillaume Catinat and that of the Religious of Saint-Eloi, near rue de la Barberye, which ran from the Saint-Denis portal to the College of Toussaint. It had two rooms on the ground floor, a room above, a small office, a cellar, a lean-to, and a courtyard in front of the house. The house needed repairs.[18]

Jean’s reputation as a skilled craftsman continued to grow. On July 21, 1625, he was hired by Jehan Ailleboust, trustee administrator for the inhabitants of Mortagne, to restore the town walls. For this work, Ailleboust committed to advancing 150 livres and providing scaffolding, water, lime, and sand.[19] After the Wars of Religion, during which Mortagne had changed hands 22 times, there was no shortage of restoration projects.

By August 22, 1625, Jean had received nothing that had been promised. Accompanied by notary Mathurin Roussel, he appeared before the town officials to obtain what was necessary from the administrator to begin work. On October 13, one section of the wall was completed, but Jean had to demand payment for the work done, plus advances and materials needed to continue working, threatening to claim damages and abandon the project. He obtained assurances that measurements would be taken the next day by town employees and that he would be paid by the general receiver.[20]

Jean apparently did not carry out his threats and continued the work, while taking legal measures to win his case. On June 12, 1627, the General Receiver René Gentil, having received approval from the elected officials of Mortagne, paid him 101 livres of the 250 livres owed. His successor, Jean Pousset, paid another 100 livres—but not until 1633. Jean learned the hard way that working for the community was complicated, and he likely had to accept private commissions that paid promptly to provide for his family’s needs.[21]

On April 22, 1626, before notary Sébastien Roussel, Jean took on his first apprentice, Pierre Hayes, son of Ambroise from the parish of Saint-Jean, who “was to begin at the next Pentecost.” Jean would teach him the tricks of the mason’s trade, feed him, guide him, and ensure he was kept warm with a place to sleep. In return, the student would serve his master loyally and pay him 30 livres for the three years of training. The apprentice could terminate the agreement after six months, at which point he would have the status of “expert.” On July 6 following, “Pierre Hayes, mason, residing at the home of Jean Guyon,” received the sum of 28 livres and 10 sous, which probably represented the fruits of his work as an apprentice.[22]

In 1631, Jean purchased land from Jeanne Souefie, mother-in-law of Jean Poisson, who had been the godfather of his son Jean (baptized in October 1618 at the Saint-Jean church in Mortagne). Both would later depart together for Quebec in 1634 or 1635, and would be joined by Jean’s daughters Mathurine and Barbe (the eldest) around 1647.[23]

In 1632, Jean took on another apprentice, Jacques Patard, a mason from Tourouvre, for just one year. The price had increased, and Jacques’s father would pay the master 24 livres for that single year.[24]

Children

Mathurine and Jean had a total of fifteen children, with ten surviving to adulthood:[10:2][25]

  1. Barbe – baptized April 19, 1617 ∞ married Pierre Paradis c.1650 † died 1700[8:2][26][10:3]
  2. Jean – baptized August 1, 1619 ∞ married Élisabeth Couillard November 27, 1645 † died 1684[8:3][26:1][10:4]
  3. Simon – baptized September 2, 1621 ∞ married Louise Racine November 10, 1653 † died 1682[8:4][26:2][10:5]
  4. Marie – baptized March 18, 1624 ∞ married François Bélanger July 12, 1637 † died 1696[8:5][26:3][10:6]
  5. Marie – baptized January 29, 1627 † died 1637[8:6][26:4]
  6. Claude – baptized April 22, 1629 ∞ married Catherine Colin February 7, 1655 † died 1694[8:7][26:5][10:7]
  7. Joseph – born 1629/1630 † death date unknown[8:8][10:8]
  8. Denis – baptized June 30, 1631 ∞ married Élisabeth Boucher October 21, 1659 † died 1685[8:9][26:6][10:9]
  9. Michel – baptized March 3, 1634 ∞ married Geneviève Marsolet September 4, 1662 † died 1704[8:10][26:7][10:10]
  10. Paul – born 1636 † death date unknown[8:11][10:11]
  11. Jacques – born 1637 † death date unknown[8:12][10:12]
  12. Noël – baptized August 27, 1638 † died September 11, 1638[8:13][10:13]
  13. Nicolas – born 1639 † death date unknown[8:14][10:14]
  14. François – baptized December 7, 1639 ∞ married Marie-Madeleine Marsolet September 4, 1662 † died 1718[8:15][26:8][10:15]
  15. Marie-Andree – born c.1616 † died in St. Jean (date unknown)[10:16]

Journey to New France

Jean Guyon’s skills as a stonecutter brought him to the attention of Robert Giffard, who was establishing his seigneury at Beauport, Quebec. Around 1633, Robert Giffard and Noël Juchereau began recruiting for New France. They traveled through the wooded hills of their region, trying to convince their relatives and friends to follow them to Canada. Giffard must have been very persuasive, as he succeeded in enlisting many people: Jean Guyon’s family; Zacharie Cloutier’s family (a carpenter); Henry Pinguet; Marin and Gaspard Boucher; and many others who had verbal engagement contracts or private agreements. Only the contracts of Guyon and Cloutier, full of details and precise terms, were executed before notary Mathurin Roussel on March 14, 1634.[27]

On March 14, 1634, Jean Guyon, a tenant of the seigneur apothecary Giffard, sold to Denis Gentil, Sieur de Rougemont, a small plot of land, a garden, located at the entrance to the town of Mortagne, parish of Loisé. Price: 45 livres. However, the head of the Guyon family kept the house he owned in Mortagne. He would donate it to a charitable brotherhood of Saint-Jean 20 years later, on October 18, 1653.[28]

Jean Guyon lived in a house in Mortagne that he had bought in 1634 or 1635 from Marin Boucher just before they migrated together to Canada.[29] This house was sold in 1645 by his daughter Barbe to Pierre Le Bouyer, Robert Giffard’s partner and co-seigneur of Beauport until 1641.[30]

Just before Jean Guyon’s departure for Canada, Marie d’Ailleboust, daughter of Jehan d’Ailleboust and wife of Pierre Juchereau, was the godmother of his son Michel Guyon, baptized on March 3, 1634, in the Notre-Dame church of Mortagne.[31]

On March 14, 1634, in Mortagne, before notary Mathurin Roussel, Jean signed a three-year contract with Robert Giffard. According to this agreement, Jean, as master mason, and his son Jean would receive half of the cleared lands, would be fed and maintained (as well as other family members who joined them), would receive two cows from Robert Giffard if the latter owned more than four cows, would receive for the family a house built at Robert Giffard’s expense, would receive the Du Buisson fief, land with an area of 1,000 arpents, and would have the right to trade in furs and merchandise with the natives.[32]

According to this contract:

“Jean Guyon, master mason, residing in Mortagne and native of this place, undertakes to go with Giffard whenever he wishes to depart for the said country of New France where, having arrived with each of their children, they will be required at the command that the said Lord will give them to clear, prepare and cultivate the lands and woods depending on the said Beauport and generally to be employed by him in all things which he will require and which will be necessary for the said Lord during the time and space of three years expired during the said time and the embarkation and departure of their journey the said Lord of Beauport has also promised and has undertaken to help them and duly feed govern and maintain them from all their necessities, even, the said two their children, according to the convenience of the country – and what is found there belonging to their state and condition, even to have passed by the said lord of Beauport at his expense the wives and children of the said Guion and Cloustier with their other children in the year which will be counted one thousand six hundred and thirty-six, to come and find them aud. country and feed them there for the rest of the said three years; after which, if the said Guion and Cloustier did not have sufficient means to feed and maintain their said wives and children, the said Lord of Beauport will be bound to assist them; also promises to do so together and to give them two cows in case, however, he has four in favor of which and during the said Guion and Cloustier and each one of their said children would have part and portion of the lands which will be cleared and prepared, depending on the said place with the other men that the said Lord of Beauport will bring there.”[33]

There are some discrepancies in the historical record regarding the exact timing of the Guyon family’s arrival in New France:

  • On April 6, 1634, according to Alfred Cambrai, the entire Guyon family, at the last minute, decided to go to New France, with the exception of Barbe, the eldest. Together, they all wanted to share the risks, pains, and joys of such an adventure. It is known that Mathurine Robin had given birth to a son, Michel, on the previous March 3. Undertaking the Atlantic crossing with such a young baby required exceptional courage. This first contingent of emigrants included 43 people, including the Guyon family consisting of eight members.[34]

  • According to Carpin, Jean and Mathurine migrated to Canada with five of their children (Simon, Marie, Claude, Denis, and Michel) in 1635.[35][36]

  • Other sources indicate that Jean may have departed from Mortagne in 1634 with his son Jean, while Mathurine followed in 1636 with children Simon, Marie, Claude, Denis, and Michel.[36:1]

  • An alternative account states that the family left Dieppe in May 1634 on a ship commanded by Captain De Ville and arrived in Quebec on August 8, 1634.[10:17]

  • Their daughter Barbe reportedly arrived in Mortagne in 1652 with her husband Pierre Paradis and their seven children.[36:2]

On May 31, 1634, according to Jesuit relations, a sloop came to announce in Quebec that three vessels of the Hundred Associates had arrived near Tadoussac. A fourth was expected imminently, that of Duplessis-Bochart.[^37]

Jean Guyon du Buisson migrated to Canada with his son in 1634, arriving in Quebec on June 4, 1634.[^38][^39]

On June 4, 1634, Robert Giffard and his Percheron recruits, including 35 people from Mortagne, reached Quebec in jubilation, on the day of Pentecost. For Giffard, it was revisiting a country he had long loved; for his compatriots, it was discovering and beginning to love it.[^40]

Life in New France

Upon arrival in Quebec, Giffard, his wife, and his two children were lodged at Fort Saint-Louis. Goods and tools were stored in the old warehouse of the settlement. Men, women, and children found lodging in barracks erected near the shore. Then, scouts and finally the whole group left the lower town to reach the small Notre-Dame de Beauport river. As quickly as possible, they needed to sow, build a habitable house, and settle in. Zacharie Cloutier and Jean Guyon traced their first house plot near the Dubuisson river, apparently a common house. From the first year, wheat grew very quickly, among the stumps and in the clearings.[^41]

By July 22, 1634, Master Carpenter Zacharie Cloutier and Master Mason Jean Guyon were working tirelessly to build their seigneur’s manor, the parish church, and Fort Saint-Louis in Quebec. Lord Giffard’s dwelling was a two-story construction, 32 feet long by 16 feet wide, with a clearance of 6 feet under the beams, and a view of the Saint Lawrence. The “Beauport Manor,” as it was called, existed until 1879 when it was destroyed by fire and completely demolished in 1880.[^42]

Jean Guyon partnered with Zacharie Cloutier, planning to pool their resources. However, when their joint contract with Robert Giffard was drawn up, the clerk mistakenly wrote that they would each receive 2,000 arpents of land (instead of 1,000 each for a total of 2,000). When the error was discovered, the men tried to have Giffard honor the document as written, resulting in a legal dispute. Eventually, Governor Montmagny had to intervene and settled in favor of Giffard.[10:18]

On July 27, 1636, Jean Guyon, under private signature (in other words, signed by a third party who is not a public officer), drafted and signed what may be the oldest and first marriage contract in Canada. Anne Cloustier, daughter of Zacharie Cloustier, signed the contract with her future husband Robert Drouin. The agreement included a special provision: the union would be solemnized in the holy face of the church as soon as possible, with the advice of their parents and friends. This formula might be surprising; it’s because the young girl was not nubile (said of a girl of marriageable age, who is pubescent), having barely reached her eleventh birthday. Anne, although born in 1626, signed her marriage contract, the first in Canada, on July 27, 1636, thus aged only 11 years; which goes to show that to a well-born soul…[^43]

On December 18, 1636, Giffard obtained a judgment against Cloutier and Guyon regarding certain work owed to him.

At this time, Jean Guyon built a mill to make boards.

On February 3, 1637, Robert Giffard granted the Dubuisson rear-fief in the seigneury of Beauport to Jean Guyon. An act drawn up by Jean de Lespinasse reveals that Jean Guyon and Zacharie Cloutier, who seem to have done nothing without each other since their arrival in the country, finally took possession of the lands that Robert Giffard had granted them.[^44][^45] Zacharie Cloutier and Jean Guyon received respectively the rear-fiefs of Cloutièrerie and Buisson, the latter named after a small river that watered it.

On December 10, 1637, this division of land became a source of disputes over boundaries. It seems that Giffard wanted to give “to each of them one thousand arpents of land,” but the clerk wrote “to each two thousand arpents”;[^46] which shows how a simple apostrophe can make all the difference. One might be surprised that Giffard did not notice the error; perhaps he did not read the act himself, being content to hear it read aloud!

In addition to constructing Giffard’s home, Jean’s contract required him to supervise the tilling of fields and provide firewood for Giffard and his family for three years. Jean and Zacharie were reportedly slow in complying with these obligations, resulting in further legal actions. They found it difficult to accept their former friend Giffard as their “Lord and Master.”[10:19]

Jean Guyon was a well-educated man who wanted the same opportunities for his children. His sons were sent to the Jesuit College, and his daughters were instructed by the Ursuline nuns, who later wrote: “There is no other family whose zeal for education has been more transmitted from generation to generation during the past hundred years than that of Jean Guyon.”[10:20]

The Guyon family’s fief in Beauport was located near the Rivière de Buisson and adopted that name. Jean and Mathurine assumed the titles of Sieur and Madame Du Buisson. This title would later be passed to their son Jean.[10:21]

On May 29, 1644, notary Guillaume Tronquet recounts that Giffard went with Jean Guyon, Zacharie Cloutier, Adrien du Chesne, Jean Bourdon, and Abraham Martin to the Buisson river and put them in “real and actual” possession of the lands located from this river to the first point running along the great St. Lawrence River. Jean Guyon gave his land the name of Du Buisson fief. Guyon then became known as “Guyon du Buisson.”[^47]

On July 2, 1646, Giffard, shortly after taking possession of the lands of the Buisson river, presented a complaint against Cloutier and Guyon, who refused to present fealty and homage, as any good vassal must do to his suzerain. They were certainly rebellious and proud.[^48]

On July 19, 1646, the governor, Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny, ordered Jean Guyon to comply within fifteen days.

On July 30, 1646, Guyon was condemned to render fealty and homage to the Seigneur of Beauport for his fief.[^49] Du Buisson took advantage of the latter’s absence to perform the ceremony before a servant.

According to Langevin:

“The following document contains curious details of this ceremony. (Notes from Mr. Ferland.) ‘Today, in the presence and company of Guillaume Tronquet, clerk to the Registry and tabellionage of Québec, in New France, undersigned… Jean Guion, inhabitant of New France, residing in his house of Buisson following the judgment given by Mr. the Governor between Robert Giffard, seigneur of Beauport and the said Guion and Zacharie Cloustier transported himself to the seigneurial house of Beauport and to the main entrance door of the said house, where being the said Guion would have knocked and would have been attended by François Boullé, farmer of the said seigneur of Beauport, to whom the said Guion would have asked if the said seigneur of Beauport was in his said seigneurial house of Beauport or person for him having charge to receive the vassals in fealty and homage, To which the said Boullé would have made response that the said Lord was not there, and that he had charge from him to receive the vassals in fealty and homage. After which response and at the main door the said Guion got down on one knee on the ground, head bare, without sword or spurs, and said three times these words: monsieur de Beauport, monsieur de Beauport, monsieur de Beauport, I make and bear to you the faith and homage that I am bound to make and bear to you because of my fief Du Buisson from which I am a man of faith relevant to your seigneury of Beauport, which belongs to me by means of the contract that we have passed together before Roussel in Mortaigne, the fourteenth day of March one thousand six hundred and thirty-four, declaring to you that I offer to pay you the seigneurial and feudal rights when due will be requiring you to receive me in the said faith and homage…’”[^50]

Vexed at having been forced to render this homage, they neglected to present him with the acknowledgment and enumeration of the fiefs. On July 31, 1646, Giffard summoned them to do so through notary Guillaume Tronquet.

On August 20, 1646, a sentence from Governor de Montmagny ordered Cloutier and Guyon to comply with everything.

In 1646 and 1647, construction of the church continued, and the governor’s residence was erected by several Beauport residents, including Jean Guyon.

On April 18, 1648, in the detail of the accounts, the name of Jean Guyon appears: “For the cartage that has been necessary to cart the stone, wood, sand, lime, planks, etc.,… and all the cartages have been done by sieurs Hubou,… Jean Guyon, Zacharie Cloutier,” etc.[^51]

Having had six lawsuits with Robert Giffard in eight years regarding the Du Buisson rear-fief[^52], Jean Guyon rendered fealty and homage to Robert Giffard, seigneur of Beauport, on July 30, 1646. Léon Guérin advanced the idea that one could glimpse, as regards Jean Guyon and Zacharie Cloutier, the contours of a “small social drama” according to which one elevated one’s social status by accumulating land possessions and by exercising public functions, in the manner of the most capable first colonists, such as, for example, the Percheron Pierre Boucher and the Norman Charles Lemoine. “But, probably because they did not move as far from their shores, because they remained confined to the more restricted circle of Percheron ambitions, neither Guyon nor Cloutier appear to have succeeded as well.”[^53]

On October 18, 1653, Jean Guyon donated a house and garden to the Saint-Jean church in Mortagne.[^54]

On August 20, 1657, Mathurine Robin dit Boulé and Sieur Jean Guyon Dubuisson gave to each other (mutually donated their goods).[8:16]

In 1659, as his sons wanted to settle in Quebec, Jean Guyon leased his fief for three years, while continuing to live there. His son François would eventually take an interest in it, not without Jean Guyon du Buisson asserting his right of primogeniture. A long lawsuit would pit the heirs against each other after the patriarch’s death.

Jean Guyon made his will before Guillaume Audouart de Saint-Germain on May 14, 1663, while he was sick in bed.

Death and Legacy

Mathurine Robin died on April 16, 1662, at approximately 70 years of age in Beauport. She was buried the following day at the parish of Notre-Dame de Québec.[6:3][7:2][8:17][^55]

On May 30, 1663, at the age of about 71, Jean Guion died[^56][^57] and was buried the next day, May 31, 1663, in the parish of Notre-Dame, Quebec, Canada.[^58]

His heirs still had an undivided fief of forty-four arpents of valuable land on the coasts of Beauport, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, or other places in Quebec in 1667.

Jean Guyon and Mathurine Robin had 2,150 descendants in North America by 1729.[26:9][^59]

At the beginning of the 21st century, Mathurine had approximately 123,800 descendants[^60], making her one of the most significant founding mothers of French Canada. She is recognized as one of “Les Mères d’Immigré” (Immigrant Mothers) and was among the first settlers of Quebec.[10:22]

On November 30, 1921, according to a study published in L’Action Catholique of Quebec, the Guyon family, in nine generations, had given to the Canadian church: a cardinal, seventeen archbishops and bishops, more than 450 priests, and a multitude of religious men and women. Cardinal Bégin had as his first ancestor Barbe Guyon, married to Pierre Paradis, as well as Mother Marie-Léonie Paradis, founder of the Little Sisters of the Holy Family.[^61]

Jean Guyon is recognized as the progenitor of the Guyon, Yon, and Dion families in North America. Over time, the Guyon surname evolved into various forms; descendants are also known by the surnames Desportes, Dumontier, and Lemoine, and in Louisiana, Derbanne.[^62] The name Guyon itself comes from “Guide, conductor.”[^63]

Key:

  • ∞ married to
  • † death
  • b baptized
  • c circa/about

Sources and References

  1. Fichier origine 241993 Jean Guyon / Buisson 2021 Fédération québécoise des sociétés de généalogie. ↩︎

  2. PRDH: Le Programme de recherche en démographie historique (membership): Individu: 29007 Jean Guyon. ↩︎

  3. BAnQ (PDF): Tanguay, Cyprien, Dictionnaire Généalogique des Familles Canadiennes depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu’à nos jours; Montréal, 1887 (7 volumes) Vol 1 pg 294 Jean Guyon. ↩︎

  4. perche-quebec.com: Jean Guyon. ↩︎

  5. Carpin 1999, Annexe D, p. 572 ↩︎

  6. Fichier Mathurine Robin 2017 Fédération québécoise des sociétés de généalogie/Québec Federation of Genealogical Societies ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  7. Tanguay, vol. 1, p. 294 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  8. Généalogie Québec 3800 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  9. Carpin 1999, Annexe D, p. 572 ↩︎

  10. http://www.oocities.org/weallcamefromsomewhere/Kebec/mathurine_robin.html ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  11. Mortagne is today known as the French commune of Mortagne-au-Perche (INSEE 61293) located in the department of Orne in the Normandy region. ↩︎

  12. 1592 registre de baptême Archives départmentale de l’Orne, État civil (1527 – XXe siècle). ↩︎

  13. “Canadian and Acadian Genealogical Review”, Spring 1968. Page 16-26. ↩︎

  14. 1615 Marriage Record Archives départmentale de l’Orne, État civil (1527 – XXe siècle). ↩︎

  15. Copies of photos from the perche-quebec.com site. ↩︎

  16. Carpin 1999, Annexe D, p. 571. ↩︎

  17. Dufresne 1977, p. 10. ↩︎

  18. Carpin 1999, p. 493. ↩︎

  19. Carpin 1999, p. 493: Jehan Ailleboust is the father-in-law of Pierre Juchereau. ↩︎

  20. Carpin 1999, p. 494. ↩︎

  21. Prévost 1993, pp. 47-48. ↩︎

  22. Carpin 1999, p. 493. ↩︎

  23. Lesperance 2002 citing Jetté 1983, p. 548. ↩︎

  24. Langevin 1860, p. 6 (16 juillet 1636) Notes sur les archives de Notre-Dame de Beauport – BANQ. ↩︎

  25. BAnQ (PDF): Tanguay, Cyprien, Dictionnaire Généalogique des Familles Canadiennes depuis la fondation de la colonie jusqu’à nos jours. ↩︎

  26. La Mémoire du Québec, Mathurine Robin ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  27. Carpin 1999, Annexe D, p. 571. ↩︎

  28. Lemieux 2006, p. 147. ↩︎

  29. BAnQ, Pistard: Signification à Jean Guyon de rendre foi et hommage à Robert Giffard pour son arrière-fief de Dubuisson – 3 [sic] juillet 1646. ↩︎

  30. Langevin 1860, p. 6-7 (30 juillet 1646). ↩︎

  31. Couillard-Després 1906, p. 311. ↩︎

  32. BAnQ Notarial acts index Inventaire des greffes des notaires du régime français. ↩︎

  33. 26 mars 1697 Cote : TP1,S28,P5003 Fonds Conseil souverain – BAnQ Québec Id 405092. ↩︎

  34. Dufresne 1977, p. 10. ↩︎

  35. Carpin 1999, Annexe D, p. 572: According to Carpin, the year of departure is assured. ↩︎

  36. Lesperance 2002 citing Jetté 1983, p. 548 ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

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