Presenting readable, genealogical information, data, and stories is a complex challenge. It seems to me that people’s lives ought to be expressed as more than family trees, dates, and lineages. I have been struggling with this problem for quite a while. Perhaps you have as well.
Over the years, I have noticed a few ‘special’ difficulties in making this type of information, useful, accessible, easy to find not to mention human. The major problem areas, for me, have centered around the following:
genealogical data & stories can run deep & wide (they may, and often do, involve a lot of data from many locations, sources, and media)
genealogical data/ information itself evolves and changes. It changes often (even more than often for those of us who make lots of mistakes or find new things frequently); AND! the changes are irregular or unpredictable.
my personal belief is that genealogy information is best when it is humanized with stories, histories, oral traditions (now written down), images, maps, etc.
Given these challenges and the fact that I use a website environment, one built using WordPress plus GRAMPS; I thought I’d attempt a melding of several techniques and technologies in order to make a more user friendly presentation format for my genealogy information. Three example pages, of my latest ‘integration’ efforts, may be viewed at:
am I succeeding, am I heading in the right direction???
does this presentation style (format) seem generally helpful, useful, easy to use?
I would greatly appreciate your input. If you are willing to share your thoughts with me, you may either use our Contact page or Comment below to voice them.
If there is demand for pointers on how this was all built, I am happy to provide that in another posting or set of postings, for now suffice it to say I have done some minor tweaks with WordPress and GRAMPS to build the example pages above; oh, these pages will largely maintain themselves automagically.
This page is under development; research is on-going
Note: additional source materials are currently being sought.
The Grandfathers
Vol.I, The Hall and Overstreet Families
Carrol Carman Hall, Springfield, IL, 1981
Section I
Chapter 3, Page 19 From his will of 1794
John Hall c. 1732 – 1794
Miller on Rockcastle Creek
It is common among Hall family searchers to say with a great deal of respect, ‘Our John Hall.’ This is the way they distinguish him from the numerous John Halls they meet with in their researches, within or outside the immediate family. Well, he was ‘quite a man.’ But — we are not descended from him. We are descended from his brother, Hezekiah, who is discussed later in this section. +We are including a section on John Hall because after the death of his father, William, in 1757 at the hands of the Cherokees, John became the head of the family. He is also included because he became the progenitor of many of ‘Our Southern Cousins’, also to be discussed in a subsequent chapter. John spent his life in Bedford county, Virginia and most of his descendants remained there – some to be found there two and half centuries later.
A serious error was made in establishing the family line by earlier researchers, an error the present writer hopes to correct. These family line seekers confused two Hezekiahs: John’s brother and John’s son. We are descended from Hezekiah, the brother not Hezekiah the son. These searchers used John’s Will of 1794 in which the name Hezekiah (his son) appeared; thus, the error.
Hearing
We first meet John testifying at the hearing held in Bedford county in connection with the death of his father, William. The hearing had been called by the authorities at Williamsburg to gather the facts of the incidents associated with the death of William Hall. It was held near the scene of the slaying. From the report of the hearing we can establish some important dates.
The hearing placed the first Indian engagement which led to the death of William as May 1, 1757 – thus, establishing a death date for the slaying of John’s father. It was recorded that John was about twenty-five years of age. He was likely a year or so younger, but we can establish an approximate birth year for him, c. 1732. His Will was made in 1794 and he died in the same year.
John’s sixty-odd years of life covered the colonial period, the French and Indian Wars, the years of American Revolution, and he lived just long enough to see the movement of settlers surge to the westward. Prior to his death he had made a Kentucky trip to see for himself what was going on. Although most of his own family never left Virginia: his grandsons and daughters moved out of Virginia going south and west.
Change
John Hall lived long enough to experience vast changes in Virginia’s governmental, religious and social systems. The church was to be completely separated from the state; the frontier religions were to become powerful forces in his own family and in the area where he lived. Methodism took a strong hold. The Baptist sect found many adherents.
Many formerly appointed government offices now became to be held by elected not chosen representatives. A new nation had been born and Virginia which had played such an important role in its forming was to furnish a great list of national leaders. Already, the great war time general, Washington, had been selected as the first President of the struggling United States.
John Hall survived the Indian Wars, the ‘alarms and excursions’ of the Revolution and lived through the various political and economic changes. During his relatively long life, he married, raised a family, dealt in land, operated a mill, and became involved in the institution of slavery.
Family
In his Will he calls his wife, Magdalene, and her maiden name has been reasonably well established as Smith – her mother was an Evans. Her line of descent appears to be through the Smith family of Quakers who pioneered in Bedford county and for whom Smith Mountain and Smith Lake were named. ++ John and Magdalene +++ had seven children to live to adulthood: five boys and two girls. There names were: John, William, Matthew, Jesse, Hezekiah, Elisha, Tabitha, and Keziah. A son David was killed as a youth at the mill.
(John’s son, Matthew, in making a deposition in 1845 for a Revolutionary War veteran, refers to his father dying in 1794 and also gives his own age as 78. This becomes one of the best date fixing bits of information about this family. In the same deposition, Matthew also refers to his father taking a trip to the west.)
Soon after his father’s death in 1757, John became the head of the family by the legal system of ‘primogeniture’; then operating in Virginia, as result of the colony’s English inheritance. By this system he inherited all his father’s property, the younger brothers and sisters getting nothing. As was the custom, he placed his younger brothers and sisters (Hezekiah was an exception) under the courts and they were called ‘orphans.’ In turn, they were placed in other homes – more on this later. The inventory of his father’s estate was made in 1759 but the final settlement was not completed until ten years later, 1769.
Business
How good was John’s management?
The final settlement indicated that the value of the estate had risen to 189 pounds, five shillings, 5 1/2 pence: John had paid out twenty-four pounds, five shillings and ten pence to settle the debts of his father. The faded records indicate that ‘by Sail of the Estate’ and the collection of some monies owed it, the original inventory of William Hall’s property was met within the amount of one pound.
Those listed as creditors paid up, although it took them four years to do it. In paying nearly 25 pounds all the estate’s accounts were cleared. No doubt, the cash represented in the estate paid the taxes: while the land itself would be productive in livestock and crops to provide the family subsistence.
John’s start in life would be real estate owned by his father, which would include a homestead. On this basis he participated in a series of land transactions in the upper Rock Castle Creek area and in neighboring parts of Bedford county. Not only did he buy and sell on his own account, but he arranged property transactions for his sons.
Real Estate
There may have been early estate problems as his father’s titles may not have been valid. While early Hall researchers spoke of ‘crown’ grants to William Hall, no record has been found. It appears that he bought lands that had been granted to the famous Randolph family and these transactions were handled through their land agent — Richard Stith. Years later, after John’s death, there appears a law suit by two of his older sons, Willaim and John, over the title of the original land obtained through Stith.
While it is difficult to sort out the numerous John Halls in early Bedford county history, it does appear that the John Hall under discussion, did enter several land transactions both to increase his holdings on Rockcastle Creek and some for speculation as land values increased following the Revolution. He did end up with several hundred acres of land. This land remained in the family for several generations and can be traced through the estates of his descendants.
In an instance or two he made a tidy profit on his land deals. In other words, he appears to be a shrewd business man. In other instances, he literally traded land, not making a profit, but rather gaining land where he wanted it. Apparently, he did assist his brother Hezekiah in obtaining land, as he guaranteed the payment for the Back Creek land on which Hezekiah spent his life. There appears no assistance for his younger brothers. It is likely he helped his sons in getting started as he gave them nominal property in his Will. Only his sons, Matthew and Elisha are given land at his death and this land was the Rockcastle Creek property.
As a miller, he did have access to additional income and/or the obtaining of the miller’s ‘tare’ for grain as foodstuffs for his family and animals. The Mill was an important item in his own estate in 1794. ++++
Neighbor
One measure of a man is his participation in the business affairs of his neighbors. From the abstracts of Wills, Inventories and Accounts for Bedford county, Virginia, 1754 – 1787 we get a fragmentary view of his activities.
At the settlement of the Mathew Talbot estate in 1763, John is listed as a creditor. (Talbot ranked high in the county.) On November 28, 1774, John Hall was one of the appraisers of the estate of Richard Cundiff. On the same date, he with other appointed officials, sold livestock to provide Mrs. Cundiff with cash for settling her affairs.
June 26, 1775 he was one of the appraisers of the estate of Ann Creel. Ann was related to the Cundiffs’. The Cundiff family were long-time neighbors of the Halls’ in the Rockcastle Creek vicinity. John Hall’s name is found on the tax rolls of Bedford county and from them we learn of the land he owned, something about his family and his general status as a pioneer in the area. He was, indeed, a substantial yeoman – a man of standing in his end of the country.
War
During the French and Indian Wars of the colonial period, John Hall is honored as a member of the militia. For his services he was paid for being both an active combatant and for furnishing supplies.
At the time of the Revolution he was a middle-aged man. Men of his age usually did not participate in active military units. If called for the militia, he could substitute one of his older sons. See: Bedford County, Virginia in the Revolution.
There is in existence several John Hall records of furnishing supplies for the Revolution. Since there was more than one John Hall in the county, it is difficult to determine to whom the records apply. There is one that is generally accepted in the family as applying to ‘our John Hall.’
Record
From the Bedford county order book, 1774-82, page 355, the following is obtained:
‘At a Court held for Bedford county, May 27th, 1782, at the House of David Wright.
“John Hall pvd. That he furnished ye sd Comr. 50 lb Bacon for which he is all’d 7 ½ d pr. lb.’
Since he was a prosperous man, he likely made other such contributions to the War. His sons, as a group, were too young to be active particpants. *
Will
For a good number of years, copies of John Hall’s Will have circulated among those who thought they were his descendants. Although, as previously explained, the Hall – Overstreet group are not his direct line, the Will is reproduced here as it contains some interesting side-lights on the basic family of his brother Hezekiah.
Test of Will
IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN May 10th, 1794, I John Hall of Bedford County and State of Virginia being weak in body but of Perfect mind and memory thanks be to God for the same but calling to mind the mortality of men & knowing that it appointed to all men once to die, do make and Ordain this my Last Will & Testament. (Viz) in the manner & form as followeth Princepally & first of all I give & recommend my soul to God that First give it a being, & and my body to the earth from whence it was taken to be buried in decent form and that at the Discretion of my executors nothing doubting but but that I shall receive it again by the mighty Power of God at the General Resurrection and as Touching such Worldley Estate as the Lord hath blest me with in this life I give Demise & Dispose of the same in the following manner & form; first I give & bequeath unto my beloved wife Magdalane Hall all my negroes that I possess. (to wit) Jamis Patt Jude frank Joe Bitte Patt Pegge as long as she lives & at her death I give & bequeath unto my son Marthew Hall a Negroe Man James and a Negroe Woman named Patt, Item I give unto my son William Hall a Negro man named Joe. Item I give unto my son Elisha Hall a Negroe Wooman named Judge and a Negro man named Frank. Item I give unto my son Jesse Hall one feather bed & Cow & Calf. Item Give unto my son Hezekiah Hall one horse & saddle & 1 cow and calf. Item I give unto my son John Hall one shilling starling and no more Item I give to my Daughter Tabitha Hall one Negroe Girl named Pegge at my wifes death Likewise one Feather bed & cow & calf. Item I give unto my Daughter Keziah Hall, one Negroe Girl named Patt at my wifes death Likewise one Feather Bed & Cow & Calf. Item I give to my Beloved wife Magdalen Hall a third part of my land as long as she lives and to fall to Mathew Hall & Elisha Hall my two sons to be divided as followeth to with Marthew Hall is to have the upper end, beginning at the old mill seat and then down the said creek to the fence & then along sd. Fence to the branch that comes down from John Owens then up the said branch to owen’s line, and then follow his Line round to the beginning. Iten I give unto my son Elisha Hall the balance of all the Land I now Possess together with the mill, and also an equal part of all my moveable property. And it is my Will & Pleasure that the rest of my moveable properties be left in the hands of my wife, that she may divide it as she sees cause – Between Hezekiah Tabitha & Keziah Hall. & Lastly I nominate & appoint my wife magdalen Hall as Executer of this my Last Will & Testament. I do hereby utterly Disanull Revoke all & every other former Testament, Will Legases bequeaths and Executors by me in any wise before named willed & bequeathed. Rattifying & confirming this & no other to be my last will & testament.
John Hall
Signed sealed & Delivered
In the Presents of us -
William Hancock
John Hancock
John Hall, Junr.
At a Court held for Bedford County the 22nd day of September 1794 This Last Will & Testament of John Hall, Deceased was proved by oath of William Hancock & John Hancock Witnesses whose names are there unto subscribed & Ordered to be recorded.
Teste:
Ja Steptoe CBC
Will Book 2, Page 140
Discussion
Since the Will of John Hall, d. 1794, has played such a large part in the thinking of Hall – Overstreet family members, it is to be discussed at some length. Just as a measure of a man may be had from the inventory of his personal possessions, likewise some measure of a man can be had from his Will. In it we find the names of his children, the kind of property he possesses and how he wishes it to be distributed. In it he may reflect a personal attitude toward his children and his wife. Also, we may learn something of the times, as in this case the system of land measurement used by the colonials, priors to the modern system instituted under President Thomas Jefferson.
From John’s Will we definitely learn that he had a Mill on his Rockcastle Creek property. We may infer that it was a small one – possibly a grist Mill – but important for him and his family, as well as his relationship with his neighbors. The giving of the Mill to his youngest son, Elisha, insures to some extent the extension of its use for years to come. In the treatment of his sons, we note that the older ones did not receive land, but somewhat token inheritances. This may be interpreted that as they married, they may have been given land.
As for his two daughters, (they were married) at the time of his death and their husbands were expected to provide homes for them – thus, no mention of land. The personal type of things mentioned in the Will – a saddle, featherbeds, cows and calves, indicate that they still lived closed to the land and that humble possessions were still held highly in their thinking. His son, Hezekiah, is treated somewhat differently than the other boys; some family searchers believe that this son was never married. (The reader notes that the spelling of proper names and other terms reflects the lack of a disciplined language among these pioneers – their schooling was scant and erratic at best.)
Slavery
When the Will was first circulated among Hall-Overstreet descendants, the fact that slavery had existed in the Hall family came as a shock to many. Although in referring to John Hall’s group, we are referring to a ‘cousin’ family, it does bring slavery very close to home. The basic descendants who read the Will and preserved their copies of it, were mid-westerners and westerners by the time they stumbled on to this information. Their ancestors had no slaves, fought for the Union and lived in areas where slaves were virtually unknown. It should be recalled that John Hall’s immediate family and their descendants stayed in the South, moved West below the Ohio River and supported both slavery and the CSA until that issue was decided by the Civil War. See: Our Southern Cousins. Also, Slavery in the Hall Family in the appendix.
Slavery evidently came into the area where the Hall-Overstreet families in Virginia lived, between the time of William Hall, d. 1757 and John Hall, d. 1794. A change had come in the basic agriculture (tobacco at this time) and the attitudes of a people who had originally sought more personal freedom for themselves. This change was to have a profound effect during the holocaust of 1861 – 1865.
These smaller plantation operators in Bedford county (John consistently paid taxes on 650 A. of land) did not own large groups of slaves; usually from six to fifteen. We note from the Will that they are treated as personal property and in total value represented a considerable portion of the ownership. Each has a given name only and they are of both sexes. From the record we determine their ages — but some of the same names show up in the estates of John’s children many years later.
Wife
Magdalene, John’s wife, lived on after him for over thirty years. This indicates that she was a much younger woman, giving rise to some speculation that she may have been his second wife and mother of the younger children. If she had a Quaker background as indicated by her Smith line, then like many others of that persuasion, they accepted slavery when it became a social symbol and of monetary value.
Because Magdalene lived so long, it is apparent that most of the provisions of John’s Will became meaningless. If fact, her long life caused nearly all the Principal’s of his document, witnesses, etc. to also be dead. Consequently, the legality of the estate was handled through the Sherif’s office (?) and an Administrator appointed by the Court. It remained for her son-in-law, Benjamin B. Musgrove, husband of her daughter, Keziah, to handle it. Among those purchasing slaves from the estate were other family members, chiefly John’s sons who had an inherited interest in his real estate. Magdalene, because of her long life, may have been incompetent prior to her death, thus the legal entanglements.
By the time of her death, members of John’s family were scattered, having migrated to Tennessee, Mississippi and other southern areas. It is through Musgrove’s contacts with them in the estate matters that we learn more of what became of them. Surprisingly, there was considerable property yet in the estate to be dealt with. Magdalene after John’s death likely made her home with her son, Elisha, who acted as head of the family in some matters. Elisha stayed on Rockcastle Creek during all those years and was to die in 1840. The brother, Matthew, who also inherited home place property, spent some years away from Virginia, in Kentucky, but returned to spend his final years on the home place. **
Marriages
We have a partial record of the marriages of John’s children and considering the events of the years, we are, indeed, lucky in this respect. It should be remembered that the customs changed during the Revolution and John’s group came of age in the years when the colonial period was over. They lived in a back area some distance from the county seat and legal matters were handled in a casual manner. Certainly the Civil War was not inducive to record keeping, lawyers scarce and not well-informed and families not inclined to take such matters too seriously. In general, Bedford county did a relatively good job in this respect.
Summary
John Hall, d. 1794, by standards of his time was a successful man. He raised a family, he acquired land and he was a man of property. How he did this is another question. First, he inherited all his father’s property (William, d. 1757), by the systems of ‘primogeniture’ he did not have to share it with his younger brothers and sisters. Under the law of the time, they were called ‘orphans’ and by court orders placed in the homes of others. See section on: Our Southern Cousins – Part I, The family of William Hall.
He became a slave owner. In spite of his large family, he needed help both on his land and at the Mill. His energy problem was solved by the use of slave labor. In so doing, he was merely following the pattern that had developed a century earlier in Virginia. This step was to have a marked effect on his descendants.
Of his family we have only knowledge of his relationship with our ancestor and his brother, Hezekiah. It appears that Hezekiah was so near the legal age of 21, that by the time the estate of William Hall was finally settled (1769), he was not a minor and therefore not an ‘orphan.’ Since it appears that both John and Hezekiah married late, that following the death of their father, they worked together building up John’s holdings on Rockcastle Creek. Later, John was to help Hezekiah acquire his land on Back Creek.
Marriage Bond Date
***29, 1794
John Hall, d. 1794, Family
Hall, Mathew and Mary Banks ****
dau., Samuel
Levi Best, Surety
Mar. by Rev. John Ayers *****
January 1, 1795
Dec. 15, 1796
Musgrove, Benjamin B. and Kezia Hall
Dau. Magdalean
Elisha Hall, Surety
Mar. by Rev. Wm. Johnson *****
Dec. 25, 1796
27, 1797
Hall Jesse and Elizabeth Williams
John Thrasher, Surety
Mar. by Rev. Wm. Johnson
March 1, 1797
Oct. 14, 1799
Brown, Shadrack and Tabitha Hall
Dau. Magdalean
Elisha Hall, Surety
Mar. by Rev. John Ayers
Oct. 17, 1799
24, 1800
Hall, Elisha and Sarah Best
dau. Drusala
Levi Best, Surety
+ In the text he will be indicated as John Hall, d. 1794, to avoid confusing the party or parties under discussion.
++ Read more on this in the Discussion on Hezekiah Hall, 1741-1811.
+++ Her name may have been (Mary) Magdalene Smith – but appears in the records only as Magdalene, which spelled in a number of different ways.
++++ For those interested the files on this history contain more specific information on the various land transactions.
* Other John Hall items from the Bedford Order Book, 1774 – 1782.
p. 247 John Hall, 35 pounds of bacon
p. 351 John Hall, 585 pounds beef; 5 diets, 2 pecks corn.
** Estate settlement. The amounts are now recorded (1833) in dollars not English pounds. Purchases of the slaves, principally family members gave notes as cash was a scare commodity. The clerks and appraisers were paid for their work, no longer a voluntary job. The furniture and beds brought $11.50. The court-appointed administrator recived, $5.00
*** Hinshaw, Quaker Geneal. Vol. VI, Virginia
**** Only recorded Banks marriage in Hall family
***** Pioneer Methodist ministers.
Use of [the above] Text Material
COPYRIGHT. —the material in Vols. I and II of THE GRANDFATHERS is not copyrighted, except as the term is understood in common law.
Therefore, the reader(s) of these volumes is free to copy, steal and lift for his or her own personal use any of the contents. In fact, the author will feel greatly complimented if by chance anyone would read it and honored if its contents were worth borrowing without pay.
Works such as THE GRANDFATHERS are for personal satisfaction not money — although they are among the most valuable writings that can be left for future generations. They are the true histories of a people.
The material in these volumes was obtained by relentless searching, voluminous correspondence, library haunting, travel, expenditure of money and lifting from others’ works. Most of all, by the graciousness and forebearance of those who were contacted in person or by letter. The greatest factor of all was TIME of which un-godly amounts were used in its composition.
Carrol Carman Hall, Springfield, IL, USA 1981
1. Carrol Carman Hall, “The Grandfathers Hall-Overstreet Families,” The Grandfathers, n.d., http://www.illinoisancestors.org/menard/fam/ho_toc2.html#ACK.
Lacolle is the area from which the Joseph Dion family emigrated to the United States. Historically both Rabideau and Dion/ Deyo family members lived and traversed this region.
source [minor edits and corrections made by ManyRoads]
First written mention of Lacolle can be traced back to July 4, 1609 when Samuel de Champlain and his entourage stopped briefly at the mouth of a small stream for a meal before continuing southward up the Richelieu River into the lake which now bears his name. In his journal Champlain referred to the location of the delta as “Lacole”. When translated literally the term means the neck of a bottle or that which is above the shoulders. [...]This river seems to take its source from a nearby, solitary hill. From many places in France the term “La Cole” or “La Colle” stems from the Latin “colla”, which means “hill”.
“La Rivière à La Colle” appeared for the first time in the 1740 “Map of Lake Champlain from the Fort of Chambly to the ‘pointe à la Chevelure’” drawn by Chaussergros de Lery. His map is seen here. You can barely make out “Beaujeu” in the block to the right of the crease in the paper, below the river
Lacolle Quebec- 1740
What today is the farming village of St-Bernard-de-Lacolle has its roots in the Seigneurie of Beaujeu. The seigneurs of Beauharnois and Hocquart hatched a project to concede some seigneuries in the area of the Lake Champlain Valley. In 1733, they conceded land to Louis Denis de la Ronde (seigneurie of Lacolle) and to Louis Lienard de Beaujeu (seigneurie of Chazy). Unfortunately, as of 1741, both seigneurs had left the land as they received it.
On the 10th of May, 1741, the lands were returned to Couronne because the consessioners had not established colonies. On March 22nd, 1743, Beauharnois and Hocquart conceded the seigneurie of Lacolle to sir Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu, son of Louis. By 1751, two new families had settled by the “rivière à la Colle”. On Mar 6, 1752, under the Marquis de la Jonquire and Francois Bigot, Daniel received the lands of his now-deceased father. It would be told “…how he made, before and after the war (1746-1748), considerable dispenses for the establishment of said concession on which he had settlers who have bulls, cows, plows, and other work tools.”
The seigneurie changed hands several times, passing from one generation to the next. During this time, several mills, churches, schools, and homes were built. Some had stone houses while the poorer settlers built log cabins. [...]
Along the Richelieu River, the closest church to Lacolle was in Chambly, quite a distance to travel for marriages and baptisms. In 1810, the curé Berthelot took his chalice and portable alter to visit the settlers in Lacolle. He baptized several children and said mass. Later, other protestant missionaries made their way to the area and founded the United Church of Lacolle called St-Saviour.
In 1841, Lord Sydenham proposed the erection of municipal districts. Everyone thinks these municipalities will revive and that they will come to be well-known like a parish. On November 18, 1841, some residents of the seigneurie of Lacolle addressed Monsignor Ignace Bourget, bishop of Montreal, to obtain the erection of a parish. They presented the usual reasons: distance from the nearest church, the dreadful state of the roads [in order to get there], the difficulty in training their children in the catholic religion. The real reason appeared at the end of the document: “after the ecclesiastical recognition, they would be addressing the government to obtain “some documents that grant to their said new parish a civil existence which will soon be recognized.”
In January 1842, M. Charles Laroque, curé of Blairfindie was sent by Bourget to make an inquest. On the first of February, Monsignor Ignace Bourget set up the “mission of St-Bernard-de-Lacolle”, as the population is still too dispersed to create a parish. He also accepted the gift of three arpents [unit of land] of land from Michel Normandin on which to build a church.
11 July 1842 – four representatives (James O’CONNOR, Michel NORMANDIN, Louis REMILLARD, Etienne DUQUETTE) signed a contract with Charles NOËL to build a stone church for $250 ($150 silver,$100 hay and grain).
13 October 1843 – three representatives (Patrick BARKER, Constant BOUSQUET, Noël DESAUTELS) purchased 80 benches from the chapel of Saint-Jacques-Mineur for 16 livres 14 shillings.
11 November 1843 – Charles François Calixte MORRISON is named the parish priest.
16 November 1843 – At the courthouse of Montreal, the church was equipped with the necessary registers for the parish.
19 November 1843 – The first baptism is recorded.
In 1851, the census of St-Bernard-de-Lacolle reports: 3483 persons (1760 anglophone and 1723 francophone), 1787 men and 1696 woman, 1886 catholic and 1597 protestant.
The law of December 18, 1854 ended the seigneurial system in Canada, and the municipality of St-Bernard-de-Lacolle has flourished since its first mayor [was elected] in 1833.
Charles Berthelot, curé of Saint-Luc, [wrote] on 9 October 1909 that the young people of the area are working cutting trees down south, near Lake Champlain.” In the 40-50 years since [then], many young families [spent] years in the factories in the [United States] to earn better wages. Many returned, but not all, with their savings. The [Canadian] census records still indicate one or two children from these families [were] born in the United States. [...] In 1850, the California gold rush saw many men leaving behind a wife and children [...]never [to] return with [...] promised riches. Soon after [1850], many farmers left with their families to settle in the fertile prairies of Illinois [and Michigan], where they could easily establish their sons. In October 1867, the [Lacolle] city council began to worry, for an empty house meant that the road opposite this property was no longer maintained. [Dirt roads needed to be maintained by the settlers.]
[At] the turn of the [21st] century, the parish of Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel and the municipality of Lacolle [were] established, and St-Bernard-de-Lacolle has become seemingly very small. The area has seen many ups and downs, but the overall feel for the land is the same. The families who till the land and milk the cows are as hardy today as they were in the first days of the seigneurie. If you ever visit this village, take note of the rolling hills and the wide open fields with their long, plowed rows, [...] you’ll be swept away to another time when your ancestors [settled] a whole new world.
Early humans occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800,000 years ago. When the Romans took possession of what is now the province of Burgos the site had been a Celtiberian city. In Roman times it belonged to Hispania Citerior (“Hither Spain”) and then to Hispania Tarraconensis. In the fifth century the Visigoths drove back the Suebi, then the Arabs occupied almost all of Castile in the eighth century, though only for a brief period, and left little if any trace of their occupation. Alfonso III the Great, king of León reconquered it about the middle of the ninth century, and built several castles for the defence of Christendom, which was then extended through the reconquest of lost territory. The region came to be known as Castile (Latin castella), i.e. “land of castles”.
Burgos was founded in 884 as an outpost of this expanding Christian frontier, when Diego Rodríguez “Porcelos”, count of Castile, governed this territory with orders to promote the increase of the Christian population; with this end in view he gathered the inhabitants of the surrounding country into one fortified village, whose Visigothic name of Burgos signified consolidated walled villages (Gothic baurgs). The city began to be called Caput Castellae (“Cabeza de Castilla” or “Head of Castile”). The county (condado) of Burgos, subject to the Kings of León, continued to be governed by counts and was gradually extended; one of these counts, Fernán González, established his independence.
In the eleventh century the city became the see of a Catholic bishop and the capital of the Kingdom of Castile. Burgos was a major stop for pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostela and a centre of trade between the Bay of Biscay and the south, which attracted an unusually large foreign merchant population, who became part of the city oligarchy and excluded other foreigners. Throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Burgos was a favourite seat of the kings of León and Castile and a favoured burial site. The consejo or urban commune of Burgos was firmly in the hands of an oligarchic class of caballeros villanos, the “peasant knights” of Burgos, who provided the monarchs with a mounted contingent: in 1255 and 1266 royal charters granted to those citizens of Burgos who owned horses and could arm themselves relief from taxes, provided that they continue to live within the city walls The merchant oligarchy succeeded the cathedral chapter as the major purchasers of land after 1250; they carried on their mercantile business in common with municipal or royal functions and sent their sons to England and Flanders to gain experience in overseas trade. A few families within the hermandades or confraternities like the Sarracín and Bonifaz succeeded in monopolising the post of alcalde, or mayor; a special court, the alcalde del rey was first mentioned at Burgos in 1281 By the reign of Alfonso X the exemption of the non-noble knights and religious corporations, combined with exorbitant gifts and grants to monasteries and private individuals, placed great stress on the economic well-being of the realm.
In the century following the conquest of Seville (1248), Burgos became a testing-ground for royal policies of increasing power against the consejo, in part by encouraging the right to appeal from the consejo to the king. In 1285 Sancho IV added a new body to the consejo which came to dominate it: the jurado in charge of collecting taxes and overseeing public works; the king reserved the right to select its members. The city perceived that danger to its autonomy came rather from an uncontrolled aristocracy during royal minorities: Burgos joined the hermandades of cities that leagued together for mutual protection in 1295 and 1315. In the fourteenth century official royal intrusion in city affairs was perceived as a palliative against outbreaks of violence by the large excluded class of smaller merchants and artisans, on whom the tax burden fell. The alguacil was the royal official instituted to judge disagreements.
On 9 June 1345, sweeping aside the city government, Alfonso XI established direct royal rule of Burgos through the Regimiento of sixteen appointed men
In 1574 Pope Gregory XIII made its bishop an archbishop, at the request of king Philip II.
Burgos has been the scene of many wars: with the Moors, the struggles between León and Navarre, and between Castile and Aragon. In the Peninsular War against Napoleonic France, Burgos was the scene of a battle, and again in the 19th century Carlist civil wars of the Spanish succession. During the Spanish Civil War Burgos was the base of Gen. Franco’s rebel Nationalist government.
The Deyo Family genealogy (of Upstate NY and Southern Quebec) is offically online.
Currently, there are more than 3000 pages of materials in this area; there are also a few bugs and unfortunately the data remainsincomplete. I have several hundred (thousand?) documents yet to link in this area. I, also, have significant sections of the tree that remain ‘under-staffed’ most notably those in Julie LaFay’s and Exina Minor’s descendancy lines.
Please contact me with any problems, additions, edits, etc.
Note:Several ManyRoads readers have questioned the accuracy of some of the Metis claims presented in this document by Mr. Garneau. Should you have evidence that you would like to present refuting the veracity and accuracy of any claims made by Mr. Garneau, which you would like us to present here, please contact us directly.
We are happy to present all relevant information here, in the interest of fairness, full disclosure and accuracy.
The following material is written by: R.D. (Dick) Garneau, who is solely responsible for its accuracy.
1650
Nine marriages, forty three births and ten deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France. The census of New France reached 705 people.
Forty five Frenchmen married with Indian sauvagesses in Acadia before 1650.
(I)-Elie Barbeau dit Villeneuve is in Quebec.
Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Marie Crevier Metis daughter (I)-Christophe Crevier Sieur de la Mesle and Jeanne Enard, Metis or sauvagesse b-1619; married 1663 Trois Rivieres Nicolas Gatineau, I suspect Marie birth is before 1650
(I)-Jean Baptiste Godefroy (Godfroy (1608-1681) entered into a business venture with Tilly, Buissot, Lespine and others for seal fishing out of Tadouisac and fur trading with the savages.
Barbe Hebou, former wife of Jean Milouer (Du Maisne), made a bequeath to the Jesuits.
(I)-Robert (Le) Roy living Quebec this year.
(II)-Charles LaTour, (1595-1665) married the widow of (I)-Menou D’Aulway de Chranisay (1604-1650), his arch enemy who caused the death of his wife, widow Jeanne Motin (with whom he had five children who grew to marry: Marie, Jacques, Charles, Anne and Marguerite) and got all his property, though LeBorgne arrived from France, a creditor of D’Aulnay, to enforce his claims becoming Governor in 1667, but also later on, becoming his son-in-law, marrying his daughter Marie de LaTour.
If fewer than 10% of a ship’s company died crossing the Pacific Ocean, then the captain of the ship considered the voyage most successful.
Only 50 men held Fort Montreal. Between 1650 and 1653, 32 French settlers were killed by the Iroquois and 22 were captured. The Iroquois made such ravages in New France that many settlers believed they should go back to France.
The shrine of Sainte Anne de Beaupre is established on the banks of the St. Lawrence River by the French fishermen in gratitude for deliverance from Atlantic storms.
Menou d’Aulnay drowned.
Many of the letters sent back to France by the early parish priests deplore the slight regard most colonists had for the Church, its commandments and rituals.
Fort Chicoutimi (Chueretimi & Chigoutimy) is established at the confluence of the Sagueny and Chicoutini rivers.
Nicolas Denys (1598-1688), a La Rochelle Merchant, established a fishing establishment on Cape Breton Island that would eventually fail.
Nine Frenchmen are killed at Three Rivers by the Iroquois.
As many as sixty Europeans have been living among the Huron in the past sixteen years that a mission has been established, many of whom are of a very feeble constitution. No one has died of natural causes, bit withstanding the great inconveniences and sufferings.
The Iroquois attacked Saint Jean Baptiste (Cahiague) killing 500 families, the nation of the Huron (Wendat) was no more.
The wheat crop this year was excellent especially at Montreal. The Iroquois had driven most of the Savages from Montreal and only 50 French remained. Most French were surprised that Montreal had not fallen to the Iroquois continuous assaults. Three Rivers has also been continually assaulted and a number of times was in fear of falling.
About 47 families at Belle-Isle-en-mer were identified as being of mixed blood (Metis). It is believed the Malacites were decedents of mixed blood people of Saint-Malo fishermen and Indian women. They were located on the Saint John River, Acadia.
The French seized the Island of St. Crox from the Spanish but could only hold it for a few years.
(I)-Madeleine Maranda, veuve July 13, 1698, (I)-Nicolas Pinel de Larochelle, arrived Quebec 1650 and married February 10, 1659 Quebec (I)-Renaud Andre.
Acadia ( Nova Scotia) recipes called for English ‘Brawn’. Brawn was originally for the flesh of the pigs head that has been boiled, chopped and molded. In Acadia ( Nova Scotia) it meant a veal-shank and pork-hock stew made by boiling the meat off the bones in seasoned water. The stock from that water was called ‘Brawn’.
April 18: Kebec, birth (II)-Louise Cote, Metis, daughter (I)-Jean Cote, d-1661and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, d-1684: married July 25, 1667, Chateau Richer, Suzanne Page
April 23: Kebec birth (II)-Pierre Bonhomme, died January 3, 1670 Quebec son (I)-Nicolas Bonhomme dit Beaupre (1603-1683) and Catherine Goujet (1616-1679)
May 28: Kebec, birth (II)-Charlotte Godfroy, religious Ursuline, died January 13, 1720 Quebec, daughter (I)-Jean Paul Godfroy and (II)-Marie Madeleine Le Gardeur
June: Father Bressany, brothers Robert le Cog d-1650, two domestics Jean Boyer and Charles Amtot with 25 or 30 French traders and as many Savages departed Three Rivers in 22 or 23 canoes.
July 10: Kebec, an unnamed ship arrived from Rouen, France
July 14: Kebec, the Neuf or Saint Jean at 80 tonnage arrived with captain Jean Bourdet, the Chasseur at 120 tonnage captain Terrier.
July 25: Quebec, birth (II)-Jacques Plusson son (I)-Pierre Plusson and Marie Regnault.
August 7: Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626 to Marie Metayer, b-1636
August 20: Robert le Coq. a Jesuit Donnes d-1650, is killed by the Iroquois at Three Rivers. Most Jesuit were condemned to death by the Huron so this could be a Huron killing.
August 28: St. Antoine de Chambly, birth/death (IV)-Jacques Gautier, Metis, son (III)-Jacques Gautier, Metis, b-1744 and Marie Joseph Quenneville.
September 1: Father Gabriel Druillettes (1610-1681) departed Quebec for Boston to establish an alliance with New England against the Iroquois, but he was unsuccessful.
September 1: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jean Plante, (1621-1706) to (II)-Francoise Boucher d-1711.
September 8: Qebec, the Cardinal at 300 tonnage arrived with captain Jammes
October 7: Quebec, birth/death (III)-Anonyme Cloutier, Metis, child (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699)
October 17: Quebec marriage (I)-Nicolas Goupil dit Laviolette and (II)-Marie Pelletier
November 22: Quebec, marriage (I)-Mathieu Aymot Villeneuve (1628-1688) and Marie Miville (1632-1702)
November 28: Quebec, birth (II)-Henry Bourdon, Metis, died October 27, 1665 Quebec, son (I)-Jean Bourdon d-1668, and Jacqueline Potel, most likely a sauvagesse or Metis, d-1654.
November 30: Montreal, marriage (I)-Louis Prud’homme (1608-1671) to Roberte Gadois, b-1626, epouse January 21, 1678, Montreal, Pierre Verrier.
December 21: Montreal, death (I)-Jean Michel Sylvestre.
December 30: The Ursuline convent at Kebec is destroyed by fire.
1651
Ten marriages, thirty four births and sixteen deaths is recorded in Kebec, New France.
New France had only 1,050 permanent residents.
(II)-Medard Chouart, Metis son (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618/1621-1696) and (II)-Helene Martin, Metis (1627-1651)
Noel Godin near Three Rivers is killed by 10 Iroquois and La Jeunesse is wounded.
(I)-Jean de Lauzon (Lauson) (1582-1666), a soldier, is appointed Governor New France from October 4 or 14, 1651 to September 12, 1656. He had accumulated a vast estate in the St. Lawrence Valley using the Compahnie Des Cent-Associes since 1627. He then went on to enrich himself and his family using his position. He imposed a virtual monopoly on the fur trade to enhance his families wealth. This is the man who seized the furs from Groseilliers resulting in the loss of the Northern Bay to the Hudson Bay Company. It is said he cared less for the welfare of the inhabitants of New France. He conferred many favors on the Jueuits.
(II)-Louis Prevost, Metis, b-1651, died May 27, 1686, Beauport, son (I)-Martin Prevost, (1611- 1691) and Marie Oliver Sylvestre Manitouabewich, Huron or Algonquin, (1620-1665); married February 17, 1672 Chateau-Richer, (II)-Francoise Gaignon b-1655; 2nd marriage February 17, 1681, Chateau-Richer, Marguerite Careau
Louis Prud’homme had his 1647 Quebec marriage to Anne Archambault annulled in 1651 due to his having been bigamous (he had a wife back in France). Not listed in Tanguay. Some say the Archambault family arrived New France, 1656, others say August 5, 1645 and others September 23, 1646.
The Onnonta’eronnons attacked the French Fort Ahwen’do,e, and had destroyed 100 men.
The parish Ste Anne de Beaupre is established this year.
January: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Angelique Poisson baptiaed October 18, 1653 Sillery, died April 17, 1732 an ursuline, daughter (I)-Jean Poisson married likely Kebec Jacqueline Chamboy b-1628, epouse Michel Pelletier de le Prade The godfather, Pierre Boucher, governor of the Three Rivers, represents by Mr. de Villeray, and godmother, Mrs Denis D’Auteuil
January 27: Quebec, birth (II)-Rene Poulain, son (I)-Claude Poulain (1615-1687) and Jeanne Mercier (1622-1687):
February 5: Quebec, birth, (II)-Paul Tessier dit Chaumine, Metis, died April 26, 1730 Longue Pointe, son (I)- Urbain Tessier, (1624-1689) and (II)-Marie Archambault, Metis baptised, 1636, died August 16, 1719 Pte Aux Trembles, Montreal; married October 13, 1681 Chateau Richer (III)-Madeleine Cloutier b-1660 died February 12, 1748 Longue Pointe.
February 25: (II)-Charles de la Tour (1595-1665) is appointed Governor of Acadia and married Motin widow of his arch rival the infamous (I)-Menou Charles d’Aulnay de Charnisay (1604-1650).
April 20: Kebec, birth (II)-Jean Marsolet, Metis, died March 7, 1715, Quebec, son (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (Marsollet) De St. Agnan (1587-1677) and Marie La Barbide, savage or Metis, (1620-1688), epouse May 8, 1681, Quebec, Denis Lemaitre: married 1st. February 9, 1680 Marguerite Couture; 2nd married May 28, 1690 Quebec, Marie Anne Bolduc
May 15: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Elizabeth Lefebvre, Metis, died September 10, 1687, daughter (I)-Pierre Michel Lefebvre, b-1616 and Jeanne Aunois, of the Indian Nation, b-1621, died February 11, 1697, Trois Rivieres: 1st married Felix Thunes: 2nd marriage January 13, 1687, Batiscan, Jean Colet.
May 21: (I) or (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) born St Malo or Avagon or Trois Rivieres son of (I)-Sebastein Hayet dit Radisson: Radisson and (I)-Madeleine Heraut aka Hainault (or Metis or savage, see Radisson 1632) and is believed to have arrived Kebec today and immediately moved to Trois Rivieres this year. He claims to be born 1636, St. Malo, other suggest born 1640. No baptismal certificate could be found in France or New France and some the English, suggest he was Italian. He was often discovered to embellish his own role in history especially as to do with brother-in-law (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618-1696). He fabricated his role in the expedition of (1654-1656) when in fact he signed a document in Quebec on November 7, 1655. His journals should be read with caution. Some say he arrived in Kebec with his family and half sisters but others say he followed his sister to Kebec. Tanguay records him as (I) first generation where as the Jesuit relations suggest he is (II)-second generation. It is suggested (I)-Madeleine Heraut aka Hainault is his mother and was first married to a Pierre Esprit Radisson b-1590 and second marriage to step dad (I)-Sebastien Hayet dit Hayot. This however is problematic as (I)-Madeleine Herbaut married about 1631 to (I)-Sebastien Hayet, dit Radisson and they had two daughters (II)-Elisabeth, no birth date or location and (II)-Marguerite Radisson born 1632 a therefore (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) could not be the son of Pierre Esprit Radisson b-1590? One possibility is that (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson (1636-1710) is a Metis? and/or his mother is not (I)-Madeleine Herault?
May 24: (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) is captured by the Mohawk Iroquois near Trois Riviers, his other two companions were killed. He claims to be adopted into the Mohawk family. He later escaped with help from the Dutch and returned to Quebec. He claims he was captured 1652 & returned to Quebec 1654. How much of this story is fabrication is questionable but consistent if he were Metis.
June 18: Leonard Marbau on Montreal is killed by the Iroquois.
July 26: Denys Archambaut was instantly killed at Montreal when his cannon burst while firing the third charge against the attacking Iroquois.
August 4: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Guillaume Pepin Metis son (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)-Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630;
August 7: Maturin, Antoine des Rusier’s man at Three Rivers is killed by the Iroquois.
August 13: Montreal, (I)-Jean Hebert killed this date by the Iroquois.
August 18: Kabec, the ship Petit Saint Jean lands captain Rene Boutin.
August 24: Trois Rivieres, Quebec, (I)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur, b-1624, a Coureur de Bois, a soldier and interpreter is at Trois Rivieres, Quebec, he died April 1690, St. Francois du Lac. He married April 16, 1657, Trois Rivieres, Quebec, Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (1631-1699) an Algonquine
September 18: Louyse wife Chagniau is killed by three Iroquois in her house.
September 19: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Anne Baillargeon, died March 8, 1722 Trois Rivieres, daughter (I)-Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626 to Marie Metayer, b-1636: married 1st. Jean Polton: 2nd marriage April 29, 1709 Trois Rivieres, Jacques Duguay.
September 25: Montreal, marriage (II)-Mathurine Gode (1637-1672) daughter (I)-Nicolas Gode (1583-1657) and Francoise Gaddis (1586-1689); married 1st Jean Pair; married 2nd November 12, 1658 Montreal Jacques Lemoyne
October 4-14: (I)-Jean de Lauzon (Lauson) (1582-1666) arrived Kebec and 9 days later married his second wife Anne Despres.
October 13: Kabec, three ships arrive, the Saint Joseph at 350 tonnage captain Maitre Jean Boucher, the Passemoy at 250 tonnage, and the Vierge at 320 tonnage captain Pierre Boileau.
November 11: Three Frenchmen drowned, servants of Giffard who had gone to trade skins on the Isle of Orleans.
November 12: Quebec, birth (II)-Genevieve Aubert (Auber) b-1651, died January 29, 1732, daughter (I)-Claude Aubert (Auber) and Jacqueline Lucas (1612-1680) English; married Denis Roberge
November 20: Quebec, marriage (I)-Guillaume Fournier (1619-1699) to (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis born January 27, 1638, Kebec daughter (II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis (1604-1639) and Helene Desportes, b-1620, epouse January 9, 1640 Noel Morin.
November 23: A Frigate from Montreal arrived Kebec with a load of beaver skins. Montreal has become a strategic location for the fur trade. Above Montreal are few Iroquois and traders did not want to adventure down river and expose themselves to more danger.
December 1: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Guillaume Vernon son (I)-Jean Vernon de Grandmenil and (II)-Marguerite Hayet dis Radisson, b-1632 See Radisson 1631.
December 1: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Guillaume Vernon son (I)-Jean Vernon de Grandmenil and (II)-Marguerite Hayet dis Radisson, b-1632 See Radisson 1631.
December 2: Montreal, birth (II)-Francois Xavier Prud’homme son (I)-Louis Prud’homme (1608-1671) and Roberte Gadois, b-1626: married November 20, 1684, Montreal, Cecile Gervaise.
December 7: Quebec, birth, (II)-Noel Langlois, Metis, died October 9, 1693, Beauport, son (I)-Noel Langlois dit Boisverdum, pilote (1606-1684), arrived Kebec 1634, 1st married Francoise Grenier (Garnier), born Montreal area, died November 1, 1665, Quebec: 1st married 1672 Quebec Aymee Caron; 2nd marriage December 2, Beauport, Genevieve Parent
1652
Seventeen marriages, forty six births and eight deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Jean Baptiste Crevier Metis son (I)-Christophe Crevier Sieur de la Mesle and Jeanne Enard, Metis or sauvagesse b-1619; married January 20, 1682, Champlain, Anne Chorel.
Birth, likely Kebec (III)-Godfroy Marie Charles Le Gardeur, son (II)-Pierre Le Gardeau, d-1675 and Marie Favery, d-1675.
France is seriously considering abandoning the New France Colony if nothing is done to protect the fur trade from the Iroquois.
Cairn dedicated to first settlers L,Ange Garden
Cairn
L’Ange Gardien, New France, located 14 kilometers north of Quebec city, that became a parish in 1670, would become the original homestead of the first Garnaud in New France. Domain du Fief de Lotinville, from 1652 to 1690, held East L’Ange Gardien. The original settlers in East L’Ange Gardien listed, starting from the West to the East River Petit Pre during this period to 1680, are:
(I)-Pierre Tremblay, born 1626, married 1657 a Ozanne Achon born 1633, are living here before 1663 with 2 arpent of land. This is the possible son (I)-Pierre Tremblay who arrived Kebec 1619 and his son is likely Metis?
(II) Rene Goulet born 1650, married 1670 a Catherine Leroux and are probably living here after 1670 with 1 arpent of land.
(II)-Adrian Hayot born 1638 married (II)-Madeline Guyon born 1647 and possible living here in the 1660′s with 3 arpent of land.
Michael Guion Du Rouray lived here with 2 arpent of land.
(II)-Pierre Trudel born 1658, Quebec son (I)-Jean Trudel; married February 26, 1680 a Francoise Lefrancois and they held 2 arpent of land probably inherited from (I)-Jean. Four Garnaud’s would marry Trudel’s namely Angelique, Pierre, Catherine and Louise.
(I)-Abraham Fiset born 1636 married Denise Savard with 3 arpent of land.
Etienne Jacob lived here with 3 arpent of land.
(I)-Thomas Lefebvre born 1647 married 1669 (II)-Genevieve Peltier Metis (1646-1717) probably settled 1669 with 3 arpent of land.
(I)-Louis Levasseur born 1628 married 1666 Marguerite Belanger probably settled 1666 with 3 arpent of land.
Domain du Fief de Lotinville awarded 6 arpent of land assumed this year, 1652.
Cairn listing the names of settlers 1645-1664, L’Ange Gardien, New France,
French in boat
(II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) is captured by the Iroquois and becomes their adopted captive (1651-1653). (II)-Pierre claims it was (1652-1653), and he went to Holland arriving January 4/7, 1654.
Anne Riviere (likely a sauvagesse) b-1652 and married to (I)-Jean Alary, b-1640, they were living at St. Ours in 1652.
Nicolas Denys (d-1688) established Nepisiguit, then called St. Peters and in 1826, Bathurst, New Brunswick.
New France, Canada is composed of six significant locations at this time:
1. Tadusac is the first port, set 300 miles up the Saint Lawrence River, is only occupied two or three months of the year. The Barbarians from over 300 miles arrive here, as do numerous ships to trade.
2. Kebec is 120 miles upstream from Tadusac and is a fortress of the French. It is constructed upon a mountain, at the narrowest point of this St. Lawrence River. There is a French colony there, and, quite recently, a Huron one; and the Barbarians called Algonquin spend several months of the year there before going to their hunt.
3. Four miles upstream from Kebec, on the Saint Lawrence River, there is the residence of the Jesuit Society, called Saint Joseph where the Algonquin spend half of the year, with some French families, it is also called Sylleri (Sillery), for the founder, who was called Chevalier Noel Brulart de Sylleri (Sillery) (1577-1640). Sillery as an Indian reservation was (1637-1680′s).
4. Ninety miles beyond, still upstream, there flows into this King of Rivers, which at its mouth is 60 miles in width, and here more than a mile and a half, with both flow and ebb of the tide, although more than 400 miles distance from the sea. There flows into it, I say, attributer which we call the Three Rivers, because it issues as if by three mouths, by reason of two Islands, which divide it into three streams. At this place is the second fort of the French on the River Saint Lawrence, and a second colony of theirs, and, during a certain time of the year, of Algonquin Barbarians.
5. Then, ten miles further, still upstream, is the Lake called St. Pierre, 24 miles in length and 10 or 12 miles in width, famous through the incursions of the Hiroquois, a river prolongs it; and six miles beyond, at the mouth of this River (which is named after the Hiroquois, because it comes from their lake), was the Fort Richelieu.
6. Fifty miles beyond is the Great Island of Mont Reale, 180 miles distant from Kebec, which was formerly thickly in habited by Barbarians, while now they are very few. There is a fort of the French, with some families, who are founding the third colony. This island is about one hundred miles in circumference; and there the two branches unite which form our Great River.
The known environment of New France, Canada includes:
In the direction of the summer sunset is a lake of about 1,200 miles in circumference, which we call “The Fresh Water Sea”. A lake 600 miles in circumference is called Lake Herie. A third lake, still greater and more beautiful is called Ontario or Beautiful Lake but the Jesuit want to call it Lake St. Louis. Further to the west, more than 300 miles distant, beyond the Sault or Cascade is a lake larger than the “Fresh Water Sea”. North of this lake is the “Lake of the Stinkards” (salt water). Living around these lakes are the following known nations: Algonquin, Huron, Sault, Ondatauauat, Tobacco, Cat, Neutral, Andastogenronons of New Sweden and the Hiroquois. The Huron means Hure, having hair like the bristles of a wild boar.
The barbarians even bath in winter using hot baths in a little cabin, using hot rocks and they plunge into rivers and lakes then back to their hot baths. They do this for cleanliness, health, and for pleasure. The Jesuit suspect they do it for superstition and consider it a barbarous activity. The French at this time only bathed but once a year. It is noteworthy that the term barbarian or savage was used to describe non-Greeks then later to describe non-Romans and was applied to the French.
The Jesuit considered conjugal lovemaking within marriage as a degeneration of the ideal state. The ideal is a repugnance for carnal intercourse. Those who considered this abnormal thinking were classified as barbarians.
The bartering of trading goods was strictly forbidden to the inhabitants of the French Colony. As a result the Coureurs des Boise emerged as an entity in 1653. These free enterprisers went to the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi, named ‘Pays d’en Haut’ (The Upper Country).
February 20: Quebec, birth (III)-Jean Cloutier, Metis, died December 4, 1709 Chateau Richer, son (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699); married November 14, 1679 Chateau Richer, Louise Belanger
March 6: The Iroquois attacked Three Rivers but are defeated by the Huron.
March 8: Ste Anne, birth (II)-Marguerite Racine, Metis, died December 17, 1695 Chateau Richer, daughter of (I)-Etienne Racine, b-1607 and (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis (1624-1679); married Jean Gagnon
May: The Ursuline opened a new convent in Quebec.
May 10: Father (I)-Jacques Buteux (1600-1652) is executed by the Iroquois, at St. Maurace River, north of Trois Rivieres. Buteux was noted for the introduction of brutality among the People of Tadoussac including the whipping of little children, at church, even those at the breast.
May 14: Quebec, birth (II)-Louis Soumande, Metis son (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637
May 26: A Frenchman at Montreal is killed by the Iroquois while attending cattle, a French woman escaped with 5-6 wounds.
May 27: Montreal death (I)-Jacques Poupeau died from a fall from a tree.
June 8: Two Huron under the protection of the French are killed near Three Rivers.
June 23: Kabec, two ships arrived captain Jean Pointel and Captain Jean Poulet, the Petit Saint Jean arrived and the Passemoy at 250 tonnage also arrived.
July 9; Quebec, marriage (II)-Pierre Boucher (1622-1717) (Ancient Governor Trois Rivieres) son (I)-Gaspard Boucher and Nicole Lamie; 1st. married January 17, 1649 Kebec, Marie Madeleine (Chretienne) Ouebaddinoukoue a Huron Indian; 2nd married July 9, 1652 (II)-Jeanne Crevier, Metis b-1636 daughter (I)-Christophe Crevier and Jeanne Enard, b-1619 Metis or savageese. See notes 1734, I suspect Pierre Boucher is himself a Metis.
TWO CHILDREN ARE RECORDED in 2nd marriage
(III)-Louise Boucher, Metis born December 5, 1670, died October 25, 1756, Montreal.
(III)-Charles Boucher, Metis married Marie Anne Lavaltrie
August 13: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jacques Gourdeau b-1614 or 1624, d-1663, who arrived Kebec March 1637, marriage Eleonore De Grandmaison veuve October 15, 1663 Quebec, Jacques des Cailhaut de la Tessere, Quebec also epouse Francois De Chavigny.
August 19: Guillaume Guillemot, the Governor of Throis Rivieres, and 22 settlers are attacked and killed by the Iroquois. Charles Garmant or Garman, age 10 years, is captured at Cap Rounge, his father and another Frenchman are presumed dead. The Jesuits are still trying to obtain his release in 1660.
August 25: (I)-Thomas Godfroy de Normanville is killed by the Iroquois.
September 30: Quebec, birth (II)-Jacques Bourdon, Metis, son (I)-Jean Bourdon d-1668, and Jacqueline Potel, most likely a sauvagesse or Metis, d-1654.
October 8: Kebec, marriage (II)-Francoise Roussin, died December 4, 1691, Quebec, daughter (I)-Jean Roussin de Tourouvre: married Pierre Loignon.
October 15: Quebec, marriage (II)-Noel Pinguet (1630-1685) to Marie Madeleine Du Pont, (1636-1696).
December 29: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Pierre Pepin Metis, died April 2, 1722 Trois Rivieres, son (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)-Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630; married October 20, 1681, Quebec, Louise Le Mire
1653
Sixteen marriages, fifty one births and fifteen deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Catherine Baillargeon, daughter (I)-Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626 to Marie Metayer, b-1636:
(I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618-1696) made his home at Trois Rivieres among 30 other families. It is about this time that he first mentioned that he learned of the Bay of the North (Hudson Bay. In 1664 the Jesuits wrote of him “He is a man capable of anything, bold, hardy, stubborn in his undertakings, who knows the country (of North America), and who has been everywhere, to Hurons, to the Ottawa” Such a man was not twiddling his thumbs in Huronia during his sojourn in the interior..
Philippe Muis D’Entremont, b-1601, Normandy, France, died 1701, Port Royal, Acadia (Nova Scotia), married 1849, Madeline Helie Du Tillet, b-1626, likely arrived Acadia 1649-1653.
(I)-Etienne Robin dit Desforges, b-1613, arrived Quebec, 1653, died May 21, 1660 Long Sault, killed by Iroquois.
(I)-Jean Valets, b-1633, arrived Quebec 1653, died 1660 Quebec.
The Jesuit vision of the Mountain of Montreal is a mission to convert the Natives and stop French exploration and free trading. This objective failed, and one hundred new settlers arrived this year, being the only significant expansion since its creation. The French population of New France is estimated at 2,000 persons. To test the weak and fumbling French leadership, two hundred Mohawk warriors made a surprise attack on the Hospital. The Hospital, across the little St. Pierre River, the Mountain of Montreal, is on high ground. The Mohawk retreated as the timing did not appear right. Thirty-two French mercenaries were killed and twenty two were captured by the Iroquois during the past three years. The Mission of the Mountain of Ville-Marie (Montreal)’s defenses consisted of a mere fifty men. The Iroquois themselves are being attacked by their neighbors to the east and south and offered peace to the French in November. A revolt by the upper nobility in France failed and they are deprived of any political power.
As a result of the French Iroquois War, Ville-Marie (Montreal) has not traded for a single beaver skin from the Savages for the past year. At Trois Rivieres, the few natives that came were employed to defend the place. The stores in Quebec is the image of poverty. It is noteworthy that Ville-Marie (Montreal) only contained 60 people of which only 20 is capable of bearing arms.
Le Mercier a Jesuit wrote: “our entire French youth is planning to go trading with the Nations, who are disseminated all over the territories, and they hope to come back with beaver pelts from many hunting seasons.”
The Wendat (Huron) make a promise to the French that they will deliver furs next season as did the Savages west of Sault Ste Marie. The French in turn promised to go out among the Algonkins, Sault and dispersed Huron.
Two hundred Iroquois surrounded 26 Frenchmen. These barbarians discharged their pieces at a position of close proximity, they fired 200 shots, without killing or wounding a single man. The French claimed they fired the pieces correctly but it demonstrated the inaccuracy of the pieces.
Pierre Boucher (1622-1717) is made Governor of Three Rivers (1653-1658).
Trustee from 1656 to 1660, prisoner of the Iroquis in 1661 and soldier of the 17th Squad in 1663, Marin Jannot drowned accidentally and was buried in Ville-Marie (Montreal) on July 24, 1664.
The following is translated from an article about Marin Janot, from a book entitled “Les Recrutès” by Roland Auger, which I will attempt to translate. Marin Jannot dit LaChapelle was from a town named LaChapelle, by Monthausen, near Chateau Thierry, where he was born. He enlisted in 1653 becoming part of the recruitment, although he can not designate the place and the date of his enlistment. He received £108 in advanced wages and signed the acknowledgement the following June on the 20th, before leaving the roads of Saint-Nazaire. Marin Jannot was a carpenter.
He had scarcely arrived in Ville-Marie, that he definitely decided to settle there. Monsieur de Maisonneuve gave him a grant of land February 2d in 1654.
This great recruitment (Le Grand Recrue de 1653) was organized by M. de Maissonneuve and medically assisted by a 32 year old nun, Sister Bourneoys. They finally set sail on the 20th of June, 1653 in the ship “Saint-Nicholas-de-Nantes” and traveled 350 lieues (875 miles) before they were forced to return, due to the fact that they were leaking like a sieve.
Although 153 had signed for this voyage, collecting their wages in advance, only 102 actually boarded the ship. Also, their provisions had been ruined, yet their courage was still very high, and on 20 July 1653, they sailed once again for the New World, arriving at Quebec on 22 September 1653; 64 days later.
There, their ship had to be burned as the tide could not lift it. Sister Bourney’s aid to the sick was not enough and eight persons died on the voyage. At Quebec, Governor de Lauzon, refused to let them have boats to complete their journey to Ville-Marie, as they were sorely needed for the defense of Quebec and also their rations were too short to give them to this recruitment. They finally arrived at Ville-Marie on the 16th of November, 1653.
Nicolas Denys (1598-1688), a La Rochelle Merchant, acquired territory in the Gulf of St. Lawrence from Canso to Gaspé, including Cape Breton and other Gulf Islands, with rights to land and government. He would turn his establishment over to his son Richard Denys in 1670.
This reference appears in “Your Ancient Canadian Family Ties” by Reginald L Olivier: “There were four recruitments (1640-1642-1653-1659) which had brought to Canada, 278 men, 45 women and children and three Religious Sisters. (Special mention should be made concerning the one in 1653, since this is the one that Marin Janot was a member).
Kabec, three ships arrived this year, the Patriarche Abraham captain Guillaume Poulet, a ship by captain Jean Pointel, the Saint Nicolas for Montreal by captain Pierre Lebesson.
The Jesuit Relations say that, for a year, the warehouse at Ville-Marie (Montreal) has not bought a single beaver from the Indians. Destroyed too were the Jesuit Missions in Huronia.
(I)-Emmanuell LeBorgne (1610-1675), a merchant of Rochelle, learned of the death of (I)-Menou D’Aulnay de Charnisay (1604-1650) who owed him 160,000 livres. He assumed Charnisay owned all of Acadia and was determined to recover the debt.
January: Kebec, birth (II)-Pierre Patenotre son (I)-Nicolas Patenotre (1626-1679) and Marguerite Breton, b-1635
January 26: Trois Rivieres, death (I)-Etienne Vien, b-1613, married to Marie Dent de Larnarti, epouse January 26, 1655, Trois Rivieres, Louis Ozannes.
January 26: Quebec, birth (II)-Claude Plante son (I)-Jean Plante, (1621-1706) to (II)-Francoise Boucher d-1711; married November 6, 1691 St. Francois Marie Patenotre.
February 5: Quebec birth (II)-Nicolas Bonhomme, son (I)-Nicolas Bonhomme dit Beaupre (1603-1683) and Catherine Goujet (1616-1679); married January 14, 1676 Quebec Marie Therese Levasseur
.February 6: Quebec, marriage (I)-Nicolas Froget dit Despatis, b-1620 to (II)-Madeleine Martin, Metis epouse February 7, 1714 St. Francois I.J., Andre Boutillet, daughter (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais (1589-1664) and Marguerite Langlois, Metis
February 24: Port Royal, Acadia (II)-Charles La Tour (1594-1666) married Charles de Menou d’Aulnay’s widow, he died 1650.
February 9: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jacques Pitaut to Marie Grandon.
April 21: Some suggest this was August 21: At Three Rivers, 16 Frenchmen (servants, sailors and others) deserted the colony, intending to leave the country. These included: Barre, lance-corporal, and La Montagne, soldiers, La Rose, a servant of Monsieur de la Poterie and Lespine, Baudet, servant of la Grandresnil, and sailor, des Noters, la Fond, sailor, du Plessis, la Verdure, sailor, la Montagne, Savary, la Franchise, Teste-Pelee, servant of la Franchise, Coquelin, sailor, des Lauriers, Paul Langlois, sailor. It is noteworthy that servants and indentured engages were virtual slaves for three to five years. These were unique in desiring to leave the colony as most went Coureurs des Bois.
April 22: Quebec, marriage (I)-Antoine Rouillard dit Lariviere (1616-1666) and Marie Girard, b-1640.
April 27: Two servants of Dauteuil took flight into the interior likely encouraged by the flight of 16 French on April 21.
April 27: Monsieur Charon is wounded in the throat by a pistol shot, at his residence on the Island or Orleans, by two of his servants. They were captured May 7.
May 8: Quebec, death Paschal Pasquier
May 12: Jacques Junier fled Sillery, Kebec, by crossing the Saint Lawrence River.
June 10: Kebec, birth (II)-Anne Marsolet, Metis daughter (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (Marsollet) De St. Agnan (1587-1677) and Marie La Barbide, savage or Metis, (1620-1688), epouse May 8, 1681, Quebec, Denis Lemaitre:
June 26: The Onondagas sent 18 chiefs to Ville-Marie (Montreal) for peace negotiations.
July 20: The New England colonists are under-taking war against the Dutch and their Iroquois allies.
July 20: Montreal the Iroquois killed (I)-Micheal Noel a servant of (I)-Nicolas Gode (1583-1657)
July 21: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jacques Preuirau to Jacquette Tourault, veuve Pierre Tarouseau
July 30: News arrived that the Algonquin of the north are uniting with the remnants of the Tobacco and Neutral tribes, are assembling beyond the Sault Ste Marie, Lake Superior, to unite against the Iroquois. It is noteworthy that the Algonquin had previously, before the arrival of the French, had assembled a great army to punish the Iroquois for their evil ways. In this way peace had been secured in the past.
August 5: Quebec, birth (III)-Marie Madeleine Pinguet d-1721 daughter (II)-Noel Pinguet (1630-1685) to Marie Madeleine Du Pont, (1636-1696)
August 12: Quebec, birth (II)-Louise Rouleau, died August 28, 1656, Quebec daughter (I)-Gabriel Rouleau dit Sanssoucy (1618-1673) and Mathurine Leroux b-1636, epouse Debruary 5, 1674 Ste Famille, Martin Mercier.
August 21: The Iroquois attacked Ville-Marie (Montreal) but are defeated by the Huron. Three Rivers is also attacked. The siege lasted over eight days. When no progress is made by either side, peace is declared and the Iroquois return prisoners taken as did the French.
August 24: Quebec, marriage (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618/1621-1696) 2nd marriage (II)-Marguerite Hayet Radisson, half sister of (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710), daughter (I)-Sebastien Hayet dit Radisson and Madeleine Heraut, Marguerite veuve de Jean Veron Grand Menil who was killed by the Iroquois..
August 30: In Ville-Marie (Montreal), he married Francoise Besnard, daughter of Pierre and Catherine Riverin from Pourray, diocese of Mans.
August 30: (I)-Emmanuel Le Borgue (1610-1675) with his son (II)-Alexandre Le Borgue (1640-1693) arrived Port Royal to recover money owing to him. He forced the widow of (I)-Menou D’Aulnay de Charnisay (1604-1650) to sign a document saying he was owed 206,286 livres. He then set out to plunder Acadia starting with Pentagouet (Castline, Maine), La Heve where he burned everything, Saint-Pierre and Nipisiguit. He assumed (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) and (I)-Nicholas Denys (1598-1688) were mere vassals to be crushed. The Laurentian settlements of Denys was plundered, burned, and the people taken into slavery. He then attacked Fort La Tour but was repulsed.
September 22: Marguerite Bourgeoys (1620-1700) wanted to open a school at Ville-Marie (Montreal), but there was only one school child so she cared for the sick and poor.
October: The Savages reported the French party who deserted Three Rivers earlier this year are discovered in Gaspe. Some had died from hardship and privation, and there were indications that they had eaten one another.
October 20: Quebec, marriage (I)-Robert Pare (1626-1684) to (II)-Francoise La Houx (1626-1685)
October 22: Quebec, marriage (I)-Paul Vachon (1630-1703) and (II)-Marguerite Langlois, Metis (1639-1697) daughter (I)-Noel Langlois (1606-1634) and Francoise Grenier (Garnier) d-1665, sauvagesse. Others suggest Francoise was born France, March 16, 1604 but parents were not identified.
October 29: Bouchard’s wife was convicted for being violent to the person of Dr. Ettiene Bouchard on the Public Road. Francoise Besnard remarried to Guillaume Bouchard in Ville-Marie (Montreal) on October 22, 1690 and she leased to Charles Gervaise, a farm on the outskirts of Ville-Marie (Montreal) and renewed the lease April 14th 1694 and October 7th 1696. Her son, Pierre Janot, paid her a life-annuity, March 8th 1698, the same day she sold a portion of the land to Nicolas Janvrin.
October 29: (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis, (1636-1710) claims to have escaped from the Mohawks with the help of the Dutch.
November: The vessel that departed Kebec for France, richly laden with the spoils of the beavers of this country, was itself despoiled, falling into the hands of the English who were waiting for it in the channel.
November: About 140 individuals arrived Ville-Marie (Montreal) boosting the population to 200 people.
November 3 The Iroquois Nation made peace with the French, but some Mohawks, Oneidas and Onondagas continued to fight.
November 16: THE RECRUITS courtesy of Brad La Chapelle
Editors Note:
In the 1600′s, Montreal, Canada is known as Ville-Marie. The Iroquois were constantly attacking and killing the villagers, and they asked for help from France. In 1653, France held a Grand Recruitment to help the settlers, and this was known as “Grand Recrue de 1653.” 153 men signed up to go to Canada, but 50 did not honor their contract and 8 died on the voyage, leaving a total of 95 able bodied men. Of these, 24 were massacred by the Iroquois, 4 accidentally drowned and one died when his house was burned. Of those left, 49 have left descendants in Canada. These soldiers were credited with not only saving Ville-Marie from extinction, but the whole of Canada as well.
When volunteers arrived, they were not allowed to use their proper names and each adopted an “alias” or “dit” name. Therefore, Marin Janot, became known as Marin Janot dit LaChapelle. It is supposition on my part, but since he was from the LaChapelle/Monthodon area of France, he apparently took the name of his hometown.
November 26: Quebec, birth (II)-Gilles Fournier, Metis died December 31, 1653, Quebec son (I)-Guillaume Fournier (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, b-1638.
December 3: Nicolas Denys (1598-1688) purchased the rights to the islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence from Cap Canso to Cap des Rosiers on the Gaspe from the Company of New France.
1654
Thirty five marriages, sixty four births and twenty four deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
(I)-Jean Aubuchon of Trois Rivieres married Marguerite Sedilot- age eleven years and 5 months.
Pierre (Laverdure) Doucet, b-1621 fled to Quebec in 1654 when Port Royal, Acadia fell, his 1st wife whom he married in 1640 died in Quebec, 2nd marriage 1660, Heriette Pelletret when he returned to Acadia.
Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Michel Lefebvre, Metis, died October 21, 1708, Trois Riviers son (I)-Pierre Michel Lefebvre, b-1616 and Jeanne Aunois, of the Indian Nation, b-1621, died February 11, 1697, Trois Rivieres: married November 11, 1670 Trois Rivieres: married November 3, 1683, Champlain, Catherine Trotier
(I)-Charles Le Moyne (Lemoine) (1624-1683) married an adopted orphan named Catherine Tierry age 13, likely a Savauge or Metis?
Father Simon Le Moyne (1604-1665), a missionary to the Wendat, journeyed to Iroquois country, promising to establish a mission in 1655.
(I)-Philippe Mius d’Entremont, (1601-1701) receives from (II)-Charles La Tour (1594-1665) one of the few signeurie ever given out in old Acadia, signeurie of Popomcoup (Pubnico), at Cape Sable, Acadia.
(II)-Jacques I Mius d’Entremont, b-1654, East Pubnico, Acadia (Nova Scotia), died 1763, son (I)-Philippe Muis d’Entremont, (1601-1701) and (I)-Madeline Helie Du Tillet, b-1626: married 1677 Acadia Anne La Tour
(II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) is reported to be back at Trois Rivieres. They bring reports of the Stinking Sea aka Ouinipeg Sea (Lake Winnipeg) which means stinking water.
(I)-Claude Volant de St Claude, b-1636, married Trois Rivieres (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis, b-1636 daughter (I)-Sebastien Hayet de St Malo and Madeleine Heraut or savage: a sister or half sister to (II)-Pierre Esprit Radisson (1636-1710), see 1631
(II) Gilles Trottier (1628-1658) is captured by the Iroquois and freed the following year. He became an interpreter and continued in that role until his death. He never married and gave all his property to the church in Ville-Marie (Montreal). Source Lyle Trottier.
A number of persons are free-trading, and the Company wishes to know the number and quality of such persons.
The Acadian children born between 1654 and 1670 had little or no knowledge of France. Unlike New France, they were not governed by the religious, nor the seigniorial system or an Intendant. Seigneuries were granted at Port Royal, Beaubassin and along the St. John River, but had no influence on daily life. The Acadians adopted the Indian practice of family networks, forging strong family kinships among themselves. The Jesuits, Capuchins, Recollets and Sulpicians took part in religious and educational needs, but no order achieved unquestioned authority like in New France. Every Acadian settlement contained Metis families, usually of Micmac ancestry, and they were readily accepted as Acadians.
Two young Coureurs des Bois encouraged 250 Ottawa to trade into Fort Ville-Marie (Montreal).
Peace was made between the French and the Iroquois.
The Wendat (Huron) arrive by the hundreds with furs as promised last year.
Thirty Frenchmen and two Jesuits returned with the Ottawa to live among them to improve trade.
The population of Port Royal, Acadia is listed as 250 people, mostly from France. Thomas Temple (1615-1674) and two others obtained the rights of trade and government in Acadia ( Nova Scotia) following the English conquest this year.
Kebec, 6 ships arrived, the Fortune at 100 tonnage captain Pierre Le Besson, the Petit Saint Jean captain Rene Boutin, the Verie from Naples, the Saint Nicoers, the Patriarche Abraham captain Jean Poulet and the Colombe Mouillee.
January 7: Montreal, marriage (I)-Jeanne Solde to Jacques Beauvais dit St. Jeme
February 3: Ville-Marie (Montreal), marriage (I)-Jean Gervaise, procureur fiscal (1621-1690), married (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis?, b-1621, died July 30, 1699, Ville-Marie (Montreal), daughter (I)-Jacques Archambault (1604-1688), and Francloise Toureau, sauvageese?, (1600-1663). Some say the Archambault family arrived New France, 1656, others say August 5, 1645 and others September 23, 1646.
February 9: Quebec, marriage (I)-Pierre Parent (1610-1698) to (II)-Jeanne Baneau., died November 23, 1706 Beauport.
February 22: Quebec, birth (II)-Elizabeth Aubert (Auber) b-1654, daughter (I)-Claude Aubert (Auber) and Jacqueline Lucas (1612-1680) English; married February 4, 1671 Quebec Bertrand Chese; 2nd marriage February 4, 1683 Quebec, Jean Baptiste Franquelin
February 28: Montreal, birth (II)-Paul Prud’homme son (I)-Louis Prud’homme (1608-1671) and Roberte Gadois, b-1626:
April: At Ville-Marie (Montreal), a great number of beavers inhibiting the streams and neighboring rivers attracted our Frenchmen thither, as soon as spring opened and the snow and ice melted. On all sides they hunted and waged war against these animals with pleasure and profit alike. A young surgeon in pursuit of beaver is captured by the Onneiochronnon (Iroquois). He was later released and returned to Ville-Marie (Montreal).
April 14: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Etienne Pepin Metis son (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)-Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630;
April 28: The ordinance of Governor Jean de Lauzon (1584-1666) took over the fur trade for his own personal profit and decreed that no one else is allowed to trade except those authorized by himself. A Lauson monolophy.
May 3, Quebec, birth (III)-Noel Pelletier, Metis, died September 1, 1712 Riviere Ouelle, son (II)-Jean Pelletier (1631-1698) and (II)-Anne Langlois, Metis, (1637-1704); married 1676 Madeleine Mtgnault
May 6: Trois Riviers, marriage (I)-Lamorille Lemaistre dit Le Picard (1631-1666), master tailor, married Judith Rigaud, Lamorille was involved in 24 court cases at Trois Riviers
May 19: Quebec, marriage (I)-Charles Philippaux, d-1665 to Catherine Noutet, epouse March 8, 1666, Quebec, Jean Soulard
June: The Tionnontatehronnons (Tobacco Nation) arrived Ville-Marie (Montreal) and Three Rivers to trade furs for French goods. They could speak both the Huron and Algonquin languages. These people are now living near the Lake of the Stinkards (Salt Water), at the Bay of the North.
June: The Iroquois are attacking the Cat Nation and the village of Sonnontoehronnon (Iroquois) is already taken and burned. Among the Cat People are some displaced Huron’s.
June: Captain Anniehronnon, a Metis, the son of an Iroquois mother and a Dutch father arrived Kebec from Fort Orange in New Holland to confirm peace with their Savage allies.
July: Captain Anniehronnon, a Metis, returned to Kebec with two French prisoners captured by the Iroquois.
July: The Iroquois are favorably disposed towards the French. The Iroquois are not mistreating their Huron captives. It is not known why their disposition changed over the next few years.
July 4: Robert Sedgwick (1611-1656) of New England, in retaliation for attacks on English ships, attacked Acadia. Because of the civil war started by the infamous (I)-Emmanuel Le Borgue (1610-1675), Acadia had few defenses. Sedgwick easily took Le Heve, Pentagoet and Port Royal.
July 17: Fort Sainte Marie surrendered to Robert Sedgwick (1611-1656) and (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) is taken prisoner.
July 25: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Jean Baptiste Chouart son (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618/1621-1696) and (II)-Marguerite Hayet Radisson, b-1632
August 6: (I)-Medard Chouart Sieur Des Groseilliers (1618-1696) turns Coureurs des Bois and goes to what is known as the Western Area of the North Bay. They go up the Ottawa River, near Lake Nipissing, then down the French River towards Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, to the Links between Lake Erie to Lake Michigan.
August 16: Port Royal surrendered to Robert Sedgwick (1611-1656) of New England. Fort Pentagouet on the Penobscot River also fell.
August 24: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Rouillard, died August 24, 1711 son (I)-Antoine Rouillard dit Lariviere (1616-1666) and Marie Girard, b-1640.
August 31: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jacques Perrot dit Vildaigre (1629-1703) to Michelle Le Plot, b-1742.
September 2: Robert Sedgwick (1611-1656) of New England, having captured Acadia, departed for England with (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) as his prisoner.
September 9: Trois Rivieres, marriage (II)-Maurice Poulain b-1620 son of (I)-Pierre Poulain dit Lafontaine and Anne Ploumelle: married Jeanne Jallaut (Jallot) died May 27, 1708, veuve Martin Francheville.
September 19: Jean Aubuchon of Trois Rivieres married Marguerite Sedilot- a child bride who was 11 years and 5 months old.
October 12: Ville-Marie (Montreal), death Yves Batar by the Iroquois.
October 26: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth (II)-Marguerite Gervaise died January 18, 1690, Ville-Marie (Montreal) daughter (I)- Jean Gervaise, procureur fiscal (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis? b-1621, died July 30, 1699 Ville-Marie (Montreal); married February 19, 1669, Ville-Marie (Montreal), (II)-Jean Baptiste Gadois, b-1641, died April 15, 1728 Ville-Marie (Montreal).
October 26: Chateau Richer, birth (II)-Pierre Racine, Metis, died March 14, 1729 Quebec son of (I)-Etienne Racine, b-1607 and (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis (1624-1679); married July 6, 1682 Ste Familie, Louise Guyon
November 5: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Jeanne Baillargeon, daughter (I)-Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626 to Marie Metayer, b-1636:
November 8: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Pierre Volant de St. Claude, Metis, died January 3, 1710. Quebec, ordained a priest September 17, 1678, son (I)-Claude Volant de St. Claude, b-1636 and (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis. b-1636.
November 10: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Claude Volant de St. Claude, Metis, died October 8, 1719, Varnenes, ordained a priest September 17, 1678, son (I)-Claude Volant de St. Claude, b-1636 and (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis. b-1636.
November 30: Trois Rivieres, death (I)-Louis Lebecheur, b-1629 killed by Iroquois.
1655
Twenty two marriages, eighty one births and nineteen deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
Claude Dablon (1618-1697) a Jesuit arrived as a missionary to the Onondaga near Syracuse, New York.
Captain Jean Baptiste Ekhinechkaouat (Metis?) became ill in the woods and was near death when the Jugglers (Medicine Man) using herbal medicine cured him. The Jesuits consider all Jugglers as evil.
(I)-Emmanuel Le Borgue (1610-1675) departed Acadia broke and left his son (II)-Alexandre Le Borgue (1640-1693) to attempt in the recovery of the family estate. Alexandre never amounted to much as he was too fond of the wine.
Pentagouet, Acadia, marriage (III)-Jeanne Jeanne de Saint Etienne de La Tour, Metis daughter (II)-Charles La Tour (1596-1665) and a Mi’Kmaq ( Micmac) girl; married d’Apprendestiguy de Martignon.
(I)-Claude Sol dit Desmarais, b-1629, established himself this year Trois Rivieres.
Captain Noel Tecouerimat (Metis?) is at Saint Joseph of Sillery, Kebec.
Captain Paul Tessouehat (Metis?), the famous one eyed Captain of the Algonquins is on the Island.
(I)-Pierre Thibodeau, b-1630, France, arrived Acadia 1650′s, married 1660 Acadia (II)-Jeanne Theriault, b-1744, family settled at Pre Ronge, Acadia.
d’Apprendestiguy de Martignon, a Basque, married 1655 Pentagouet, Acadia (II)-Jeanne de Saint-Etienne de la Tour, Metis, b-1625 Acadia daughter (II)-Charles (Turgis) de Saint-Etinne de la Tour (1595-1665) and Louise a Micmac woman.
A band of Iroquois wintered near Three Rivers among a band of Algonquin, and no disagreement was found between the two Nations. The widows and girls of the Algonquin were allowed to marry the Iroquois. The Iroquois by custom would join the Algonquin culture.
An Englishman noted that slaves are sold from one to another, in New France, as we do sheep.
The Iroquois delivered some of the little girl slaves, as requested by the Jesuits. The Jesuits say the little girl slaves are for the Ursuline Mothers to work in their house of charity. They hope to make so many Christians of them. The life expectancy of the little girls is not long. The Jesuits must have been aware that the Iroquois would have to raid their neighbors to acquire these little girl slaves. This would then lead to war between the two peoples.
The Jesuits consider the Savages God Manitou (Great Spirit) as a demon. This is tantamount to the Savages calling Jesus a demon.
Kebec, a fleet of 6 ships sent, three are lost, the Petit Francois at 50 tonnage is lost to the Spanish with captain P. Delafond, the Chat Bouque taken by the English, a Dutch ship was lost at sea. The Colombe Mouillee and the Patriarche Abraham arrived Kebec.
January 7: Kebec, birth (II)-Marie Madeleine Prevost, Metis, died April 1, 1661, Kebec, daughter (I)-Martin Prevost, (1611- 1691) and Marie Oliver Sylvestre Manitouabewich, Huron or Algonquin, b-1620
January 11: Quebec, marriage (I)-Guillaume Thibaut (1618-1686) to Marie Madeleine Francois b-1633
January 12: Quebec, marriage (I)-Pierre Biron b-1627 1st to (II)-Barbe Martin, Metis (1643-1660); 2nd married December 19, 1662, Quebec, Jeanne Poireau, d-1691.
January 13: Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Madeleine Prevost, Metis, died March 16, 1661 Quebec daughter (I)-Martin Prevost (1611-1691) and Marie Olivier Sylvestre, Sauvagesse, (1626- 1665);
January 27: Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Francoise Plante daughter (I)-Jean Plante, (1621-1706) and (II)-Francoise Boucher d-1711; married November 18, 1676 Cheateau Richer Nicolas Paquin. (I)-Jean Plante, (1621-1706) possible son (I)-Jean Plante arrived Kebec 1619 and therefore possible Metis??
January 26: Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Louis Ozannes dit Lafronde (1616-1661) married Marie Denot de la Martiniere, veuve Mathieu Labot.
February 4: Quebec, birth (II)-Guillaume Hebert Aubert, died October 16, 1714 Hotel Dieu, married Marie Anne Roussin and had 11 children.
February 8: Quebec, marriage (I)-Vincent Poirier dit Bellepoire, (1628-1703) and 1st married (II)-Francoise Pinguet, died May 30, 1661, veuve Pierre Delauney: 2nd marriage December 6, 1662, Quebec, Judith Renaudeau (1630-1695)
February 16: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Marie Cloutier, Metis, daughter (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699); married November 17, 1671, Chateau Richer, Francois Belanger
March 14: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Rouleau, died August 28, 1656, Quebec son (I)-Gabriel Rouleau dit Sanssoucy (1618-1673) and Mathurine Leroux, b-1636, epouse February 5, 1674, Ste Famille, Martin Mercier.
April 1: Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Soumande, Metis daughter (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637; married Joseph Mignot
April 6: Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Pierre Pellerin dit St. Amand, b-1621 to Louise Mousseau, died July 1707, Quebec
April 12. Ville-Marie (Montreal), marriage (I)-Jean Aubuchon dit L’Esperance under contract of marriage September 19, 1654 Trois Riviers, married (II)-Marguerite Sedilot, Metis? daughter (I)-Louis Sedilot (1660-1672) and Marie Charter, likely a sauagesse 2,nd marriage Marie Grimoult
April 27: Trois Rivieres, death (I)-Pierre Chapiteau b-1605 killed by the Iroquois.
May 5: Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Fournier, Metis daughter (I)-Guillaume Fournier, (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis b-1637: married February 17, 1670, Quebec, Pierre Blanchet.
May 29: Jean Liegeois, a Jesuit lay brother, is killed by the Hiroquois at Fort Sillery.
June 2: Quebec, birth, (II)-Laurent Tessier, Metis, died September 27, 1687, Ville-Marie (Montreal), son (I)- Urbain Tessier, (1624-1689) and (II)-Marie Archambault, Metis baptised, 1636, died August 16, 1719 Pte Aux Trembles, Ville-Marie (Montreal); married October 20, 1681 Quebec Genevieve Lemire.
August 22: Quebec, birth (II)-Joseph Robineau son (I)-Rene Robineau (1629-1699) and Marie Anne LeNeuf de la Poterie, d-1702.
September 19: Fathers Pierre Joseph Marie Chaumonot and Claude Dablon (1619-1697) departed Quebec to establish a mission in Onondaga country.
September 21: Quebec birth (II)-Catherine Bonhomme, daughter (I)-Nicolas Bonhomme dit Beaupre (1603-1683) and Catherine Goujet (1616-1679); married 1670 Jacques Bertheaume
September 29: Kebec, birth (II)-Elizabeth Marsolet, Metis daughter (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (Marsollet) De St. Agnan (1587-1677) and Marie La Barbide, savage or Metis, (1620-1688), epouse May 8, 1681, Quebec, Denis Lemaitre:
October 28: Kebec, marriage (II)-Jean Roussin son (I)-Jean Roussin de Tourouvre to Marie Letard
November 3: The Treaty of Westminster, England restored Acadia to France.
December 8: Quebec, birth Jean Pinguet, d-1710 son (II)-Noel Pinguet (1630-1685) to Marie Madeleine Du Pont, (1636-1696)
December 29: Trois Rivieres, death (II)-Guy Poutrel, b-1630 son (I)-Jean Poutrel Du Colombier and Medeleine Leneuf Du Hersson
1656
Twenty six marriages, eighty four births and twenty two deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
LISTED AMONG THE FILLE DU ROI IN 1667 ?
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1643), married Pierre Pouillard, October 12, 1667
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1647), married Michel Verret, Michel, dit Laverdure, October 13, 1669 Michel Verret,
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1656), married 1672, Martin Marais dit Labarre, said his name was Labarre,
Possibility Marie Deschamps is a savague?
Five ships sailed from France to Kebec this year. One was captured by the English, one was captured by the Spaniards and one was lost at sea. The other two arrived and departed in safety.
An Iroquois raid in 1655 and a fire this year finished the Indian reserve experiment at Sillery, and by 1663, French settlers would occupy this land. The Dutch Iroquois (the Agnieronnons) were attacking the French everywhere killing and being killed.
(I)-Mathieu Doucet, b-1637 France, a miller, arrived Kebec 1656, died March 25, 1657 at Trois Rivieres.
Martin d’Aprendistiguy, a Basque of St. John River, Acadia married Marie Jeanne De La Tour, Metis daughter Charles La Tour and Mikmag woman.
Daughter Marie Anne d’Aprendistiguy, Metis b-1662 married 1686 Port Royal Guillaume Bourgeous.
Zacharie Dupuy (1608-1676), Commandant of Quebec, established a post at Syracuse, N.Y.
(I)-Charles de Lauzon de Charny is appointed the Commandant General (interim Governor) of New France from September 1656 to September 18, 1657.
(II)-Peter Esprit Radisson Metis (1636-1710), see 1631, says he was born 1636 St. Malo, emigrated to Canada May 24, 1651, and married 1656 Trois Rivieres to Elizabeth, the daughter of Madeleine Hainault. He goes on to say that he lived at Tree Rivers where also dwelt “my natural parents, and country-people, and my brother, his wife and children”. We need to keep in mind (II)-Pierre was in England at the time of writing this when he was trying to influence the English with his exploits and claimed credit for activities of (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers. Some think (I)-Medard is the brother in question. (II)-Peter’s married second wife some time between 1666 and 1673 in England, daughter of John Kirke. He is believed to have returned to Quebec in 1694 and to have died there. (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis, b-1636, a sister of (I)-Peter is believed to have married 1653 (I)-Claude Violany de St. Claude likely in Trois Rivieres.
Garreau is killed near Fort Ville-Marie (Montreal); shot through the spine.
Kabec, 6 ships arrived, the Rene at 80 tonnage, the Taureau at 150 tonnage captain Rlie Tadourneau, the Fortune at 100 tonnage captain Elie Raymont, the Saint Sebastin captain Guillaume and Jean Poulet and 2 unknown ships.
January 22: Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Perrot daughter (I)-Jacques Perrot dit Vildaigre (1629-1703) to Michelle Le Plot, b-1742: married September 17, 1669, Ste Familee, Francois de Jarret.
February 2: Quebec, birth (II)-Ignace Poulain, son (I)-Claude Poulain (1615-1687) and Jeanne Mercier (1622-1687): married August 23, 1683 Ste Anne, Marguerite Pare.
February 15: Quebec, birth (II)-Anne Aubert (Auber) b-1656, died June 20 1728 daughter (I)-Claude Aubert (Auber) and Jacqueline Lucas (1612-1680) English; married November 6, 1683 Quebec Gervais Baudouin
February 22: The Jesuits condemn the Savages for believing their dreams. They have a special festival for what the Jesuits call the ‘demon of dreams’. They also call it the festival of fools, or the carnival of wicked Christians. The Savages call it the Honnonouaroria. The Jesuits do not consider the French masqueraders carnival in Europe as evil. If we follow their logic the dreams of the Jesuit fathers, that they call visions, are therefore ‘demon dreams’.
March 3: Quebec, birth (II)-Anne Poirier, died February 1, 1704, Ste Foye, daughter (I)-Vincent Poirier dit Bellepoire, (1628-1703) and (II)-Francoise Pinguet, died May 30, 1661, veuve Pierre Delauney: 1st married February 6, 1673 Quebec, Jacques Gaudry: 2nd marriage 1692 Ignace Bonhomme
March 16: Montreal, birth (II)-Marguerite Prud’homme daughter (I)-Louis Prud’homme (1608-1671) and Roberte Gadois, b-1626: married 1st. July 14, 1670 Montreal, Jean Martinet: 2nd marriage January 23, 1703 Jean Latour
March 28: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Jeanne Pepin Metis daughter (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630; married 1st Fenruary 6, 1674 Trois Rivieres Jean Herou; 2nd marriage August 13, 1690 Trois Rivieres Mathurn Marais
May 2: (I)-Jean Bourdon (1601-1668) weighted anchor at Quebec for a voyage to the north. Some claimed he reached the shores of Hudson Bay and claimed it for France. Other suggest he didn’t make it and was driven back by the savages, and his way was blocked by ice. Others suggest 16 Frenchmen and 2 Huron guides reached Kibokok at the mouth of the Ashouanipi River, lattitude 55 degrees north. His Huron guides were killed and that is why they turned back..
May 6: The Onontaeronons killed a cow belonging to Pierre Bival (the Swiss). He fired a swivel-gun at the Onontaeronons, but without effect. They also killed a sow with farrow, belonging to the same man.
March 23: Lamote and Tieri were condemned by the Gentlemen of the Council to pay a fine of 500 livres each, for having sold goods at a higher price than the tariff.
March 28: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Jeanne Pepin daughter (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and Jeanne Mechin, b-1630; married 1st February 6, 1674 Trois Rivieres, Jean Herou; 2nd marriage August 13, 1690. Trois Rivieres, Mathurin Marais
March 31: Monsieur the Abbe said in sermon that it was a mortal sin to sell brandy to the Savages. He had previously said it was not a mortal sin.
April 3: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Ignace Lefebvre, Metis, died March 27, 1740, Trois Rivieres son (I)-Pierre Michel Lefebvre, b-1616 and Jeanne Aunois, of the Indian Nation, b-1621, died February 11, 1697, Trois Rivieres: married January 12, 1682 Champlain Marie Trotier
April 7: Ste Genevieve, Montreal, birth (V)-Louis Plouf, Metis, son (IV)-Maurice Plouf and (V)-Marie Francois, Metis, b-1730.
April 11: Contract written for (I)-Louis Guerineau aka Garnaud (1634-1698) and thirty others to travel to Quebec. The contract was written by a tabellion (notary) Sea Cherbonnier. The contract for 3 years included Nicolas Millet, Joachin Martin, Jean Rabourin, Pierre Menard, known as Saintonge. It was Mer. Francois Peron, ship-owner and owner of the ship Bull on which this group took to the sea. The ship Bull was 150 barrels and its master was E. Tadourneau arriving Quebec in summer of 1656.
June 13: Three French, Adrien Joliet, Fouquet and Christophle are captured by the Iroquois at the First River.
June 18: Montreal, birth/death, (II)-Michel Froget, Metis, son (I)-Nicolas Froget dit Despatis, b-1620 and (II)-Madeleine Martin, Metis;
June 22: Kebec, birth (III)-Jean Roussin son (II)-Jean Roussin to Marie Letard
June 25, Montreal, death (I)-Christophe Roger, drowned.
July 10: Quebec, birth (II)-Pierre Pellerin son (I)-Pierre Pellerin dit St. Amand, b-1621 to Louise Mousseau, d-1707.
July 11: Quebec, marriage (III)-Jean Baptiste Le Gardeur de Repentigny, b-1632 to (II)-Marguerite Nicolet, b-1642 daughter (I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642) and (II)-Marguerite Couillard
July 28: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jean Picard, died November 29, 1700, Quebec to (II)-Marie Caron, died June 10, 1660, Quebec; 2nd marriage November 18, 1663 Chateau Richer, (II)-Marie Madeleine Gagnon, died September 12, 1680, Quebec; 3rd marriage about 1690 (II)-Marie Anne Fortin, epouse January 7, 1702, Quebec, Etienne Mirambault;
August: Trois Rivieres, The Coureurs des Bois (I)-Medard Chouart Sieur Des Groseilliers (1618-1695/98) returned with 259 natives in 50 canoes from the Green Bay (Wisconsin) area and the southern shore of Lake Superior, bearing a future in furs. During this trip they learned of the rich fur country north and northwest of Lake Superior which, they were told is only 7 days by canoe from Hudson Bay.
August 7: Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Nicolas Petit dit Lapree, b-1631 to Marie Pomponnelle (1630-1700)
August 11: Bourdon returned to Kebec from his northern voyage. The two Huron’s, whom he had taken with him, were killed by the Savages, and a Frenchman was wounded.
September 3: The elders of the Onnontage were informed that if they wanted the French to dwell amongst them, as they requested, they must provide little girls to be placed with the Ursuline Mothers. The savages loved their children and the only way they could obtain slave children for the Church is to raid their neighbors. It is hard to accept that alleged civilized Christian peoples could rationalize child slavery.
September 20: Cromwell granted Acadia to (II)-Charles La Tour(1595-1665) who sold the rights to Thomas Temple (1614-1674) and William Crowne (1617-1682) in return for five percent of the products.
October 2, Quebec, birth (III)-Anne Pelletier, Metis, daughter (II)-Jean Pelletier d-1698 and (II)-Anne Langlois, Metis, (1637-1704); married January 10, 1670 Quebec, Guillaume Lizot
October 7: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Marguerite Cloutier, Metis, daughter (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699); married November 14, 1674, Chateau Richer, Robert Caron.
November: De la Poterie opened a trading post at Trois Rivieres; trading wine for beaver believing this would regulate the sale of liquor. The Savages do not amend their conduct, and complaints are made against the tavern. The Jesuits requested that the Governor not allow this practice. (I)-Louis D’Ailleboust de Couconge et d’Argentenay (1612-1660) governor of all Canada, decides that the tavern must be closed, according to the Jesuit records. The alleged decree did not force him to close down.
November 9: Quebec, birth (II)-Paul Vachon, Metis, died March 7, 1729 Cap de la Madeleine, ordained Quebec, December 21, 1680 son (I)-Paul Vachon (1630-1703) and (II)-Marguerite Langlois, Metis (1639-1697).
November 10: Quebec, marriage (I)-Nicolas Praye (Pre, Dupre) to (II)-Mathurine Buisson
November 20: A Dutchman (Otsirdiakhon) from New Holland visited Three Rivers to provide safe conduct to the Agnieronon peace team who returned 7 French prisoners and requested release of their prisoners. The terms of peace include they bring little girls as slaves for the Church. The French must have realized the savages love their children and would not give them up for slavery. They would be forced to conduct slave raids or continue warring with the French.
November 22: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Rouleau, son (I)-Gabriel Rouleau dit Sanssoucy (1618-1673) and Mathurine Leroux, b-1636, epouse February 5, 1674, Ste Famille, Martin Mercier.
November 27: Ville-Marie (Montreal), marriage (II)-Laurent Archambault, (Metis?) b-1644, son (I)-Jacques Archambault (1604-1688), and Francloise Toureau, sauvageese, (1600-1663); married November 27, 1656, Ville-Marie (Montreal), Gilles Lauzon. Some say the Archambault family arrived New France, 1656, others say August 5, 1645 and others September 23, 1646.
December 6: Quebec, birth (II)-Pierre Soumande, Metis, died January 4, 1657, Quebec, son (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637
December 22: Quebec, birth (II)-Charles Rouillard, died March 11, 1679, Montreal, son (I)-Antoine Rouillard dit Lariviere (1616-1666) and Marie Girard, b-1640.
1657
Twenty two marriages, eighty three births and thirty two deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
Quebec, birth (II)-Jacques Plante son (I)-Jean Plante, (1621-1706) to (II)-Francoise Boucher d-1711; married 1st November 13, 1686 Ste. Famille, Francoise Turcot; 2nd marriage Februaru 6, 1696, Chateau Richer, Genevieve Duchesneau
Jacques Bernard is listed as single but he married Catherine, likely savage, and had one know child Marguerite Rernard Metis born August 9, 1658 Three Hills. Jacque was involved in 29 cases of legal cases in Three Rivers. Frenchmen who took a country wife was officially listed as single. If they did not produce a child they are not considered a settler. The child had to be baptized to qualify as a settler. It’s noteworthy that Champlain produced no children and therefore was not a settler.
The mission Ste. Anne de Beaupre de la Province de Quebec 35 km east Quebec city is established this year. Etienne Lessard, one of the first settlers, ceded some land for the construction of the first wooded chapel in 1658.
(II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) joins the Jesuit Mission to the Onondaga (1657-1658) and increases his knowledge of Indian life.
In France: When a father gives a daughter in marriage, he allows her a dowry; Among the Savages, it is given to the girls father.
In France: The Man usually takes to his house the woman whom he married; Among the Savages, the man goes to the woman’s house to dwell.
In France: If anyone fall into a fit of anger, or harbor some evil purpose, or meditate some harm, he is reviled, threatened, and punished; The Savages gives him presents, to soothe his ill-humor, cure his mental ailment and put good thoughts into his head.
In France: A workman does not expect pay until he completes his task; The Savage ask for it in advance.
In France: We are not very well pleased to see snow or hail fall; The Savage leap for joy as it falls.
In France: The dead are buried with the least possible clothing: The Savages dress the dead in their finest and include their favorite possessions.
In some parts of France: The dead are buried with their head turned towards the east; The Savages make them face the west.
(I)-Medard Chouart Des Groseilliers (1618-1696?) returned to Fort Quebec, having left in 1654 to make direct trading contact with the Ojibwa and Fox. He had passed south west of Lake Superior to the upper Mississippi. His objective was to bypass the Ottawa in trade and explore the south to curtail the westward expansion of the thirteen colonies. The mission of the Mountain of Ville-Marie (Montreal), at this time, contained one hundred and sixty able bodied men. A third of them married, and a census taken in 1665 showed a jump to five hundred and twenty five and, two years later, seven hundred and sixty six. The Mohawk attacked the Island of Orleans and carried off eighty prisoners who were under the protection of the French. Many prisoners are women, and they ransacked the houses in Quebec. The people huddled in the Fort and not a shot was fired in defense of the Wendat who are under the protection of the French. The Sulpician, a religious order, began working in the colony this year. Pierre de Voyer d’Argenson is appointed Governor New France from July 11, 1658 to August 30, 1661. King Louis XIV prohibited the sale of liquor to Indians in New France. The King assigned Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708) as the first Bishop of New France. The Iroquois renewed their war with the French to stop the flow of furs to the mission of the Mountain of Montreal. About 100 settlers are killed by the Iroquois in the St. Lawrence River Valley.
The Sulpicians, a religious order, began working the New France Colony, thereby breaking the Jesuit monopoly. These Sulpitians directed the religious affairs of Ville-Marie (Montreal) thereby replacing the Jesuits in this settlement.
The French are aware that there are four routes to the North Sea, Tadoussac, Three Rivers, Nipisiriniens and via the Great Sault (Lake Superior). The standard of the day in map making is the distance is reckoned as 15 leagues per day going down-stream and 7-8 leagues per day going up-stream. One league = 3 miles. The basis of most French maps are Savage reports, Coureurs des Bois and Metis reports and they measured distance by days traveled to reach various destinations.
January 14: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Pierre Baillargeon, son (I)-Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626 to Marie Metayer, b-1636:
January 17: Quebec, birth (II)-Rene Jacques Petit son (I)-Pierre Petit and Catherine Francoise Desnovers.
January 26: (I)-Pierre de Voyer d’Argenson (1612-1660) is appointed interim Governor of New France from September 18, 1657 (January 11, 1658) to July 11, 1658 (August 30, 1661).
January 30: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth (II)-Cunegonde Gervaise, Metis, died April 27, 1715, Ville-Marie (Montreal) daughter (I)- Jean Gervaise, procureur fiscal (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis? b-1621, died July 30, 1699 Ville-Marie (Montreal); married January 14, 1676 Ville-Marie (Montreal) (I)-Jean Baptiste Lefebvre b-1651.
April 16: Trois Rivieres, Quebec, marriage, (I)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur, b-1624, a Coureur de Bois, a soldier and interpreter, he died April 1690, St. Francois du Lac. He married April 16, 1657, Trois Rivieres, Quebec, Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (1631-1699) an Algonquine, she 1st married 1645 Assababich b-1620 and they had two children.
March 7: King Louis XIV prohibited the sale of liquor to the Indians in New France.
April 10: Quebec, birth (II)-Agathe Fournier, Metis daughter (I)-Guillaume Fournier, (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis b-1637: married September 28, 1671, Quebec, Louis Gesseron.
April 16: Trois Rivieres, marriage (II)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur b-1624, (died August 6, 1665?, or April 5, 1690?), Trois Rivieres son (I)-Nicolas Couc dit Lafleur (1600-1675) and Elisabeth Templair; married, Marie Mite8ameg8k8e, Algonquine sauvagesse b-1631, died January 8, 1699 Trois Rivieres. Marie 1st married 1645 Assababich b-1620 and they had two children; Catherine Couque, b-1747 and Pierre Couque baptised May 6, 1650 and father listed as Pierre Deschamps.
April 16: Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Pierre Coug dit Lafleur, b-1624 married Marie Mite8ameg8k8e sauvagesse, b-1631, died August 6, 1665 Trois Rivieres
May 27: Kabec, the ship Vierge arrives with captain Fabien Madot
May 29: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Jeanne Petit daughter (I)-Nicolas Petit dit Lapree, b-1631 to Marie Pomponnelle (1630-1700): married November 26, 1671, Trois Rivieres, Jean Gaultier
June 4: Trois Rivieres, baptism Jeanne Lafleur and (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618-1696) is Godfather.
June 22: Kabec the ship Taureau at 150 tonnage with gunner Jean Denilt and sailor Jean Riat, captain Elie Tadourneau.
July 14: Trois Riviers, Quebec, birth (III)-Jeanne Couc dit Lafleur, Metis, killed October 23, 1679, Trois Rivieres, daughter (II)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur, (1624-1690) and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (Miteouamigoukoue), an Algonquine, sauvagesse, (1631-1699). Jeanne was murdered by Jean Rattier duBuisson, on October 23, 1679, who was never punished.
Quebec, death, Peuvret, sieur de Margontier, killed at the Cape while bathing.
July 28: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Francoise Volant de St. Claude, Metis, died December 28, 1662 Trois Rivieres, daughter (I)-Claude Volant de St. Claude, b-1636 and (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis. b-1636.
July 29: Fathers Gabriel Thubieres de Levy de Queylus (1622-1677), Gabriel Souart (1611-1691), Dominique Galinier and Antoine d’Allet (1634-1693) arrived in Quebec to found a seminary in Ville-Marie (Montreal).
August 7: Trois Rivieres or in the field, birth (II)-Marie Anne Chouart, died November 31, 1664, Trois Rivieres, daughter (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618/1621-1696) and (II)-Marguerite Hayet Radisson, b-1632
August 20: Kabec, the ship Armes d’Amsterdam at 250 tonnage arrives with captain Jacob Gilles, the Saint Sebastien captain Guillaume and Jean Poulet and at least one ship unknamed..
August 21: Three Frenchmen are killed at Ville-Marie (Montreal) by the Onneiotchronnons (Iroquois). Dailleboust ordered the imprisonment of all Iroquois at Ville-Marie (Montreal), Three Rivers and Quebec. Some 50-60 Savages are placed in irons. In retaliation; Three French are captured at Three Rivers in plain view of everyone. At Quebec the Iroquois appeared in the fields killing the farmers and pounced upon the Alconquin women, killing them, taking some away as prisoners, who were later recovered by the pursuing French, Huron’s and Algonquin’s. The French alone in this pursuit numbered 200.
August 29; Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Francois Lienard died February 25, 1724 Pointe Aux Trembles son (I)-Sebastien Lienard dit Durbois (1628-1701) and (II)-Francoise Pelletier (1642-1707), veuve Joan Neriau; 1st married 1690 Marie Madeleine Arpot Sauvagesse (1673-1758); 2nd marriage Agnes Robitaille, also married Appelee Richard,
September 12: Temple and Crowne agree to divide Acadia. Thomas Temple (1614-1674) received the area from Lunenburg, Acadia ( Nova Scotia) to the St. George River, Maine.
September 13: Louis d’Aillebout de Coulonge is appointed administrator of New France from September 13 to July 10, 1658.
October 15: Kebec, birth (II)-Antoine Prevost, Metis, died March 16, 1662, Kebec, son (I)-Martin Prevost, (1611- 1691) and Marie Oliver Sylvestre Manitouabewich, Huron or Algonquin, b-1620
October 23: Quebec, birth (II)-Antoine Prevost, Metis, died March 16, 1661 Quebec son (I)-Martin Prevost (1611-1691) and Marie Olivier Sylvestre, Sauvagesse, (1626- 1665);
October 25: Montreal the Iroquois killed (I)-Nicolas Gode (1583-1657) widowing his wife Francoise Gadois (1586-1689)
November 19: Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Jacques Menard dit LaFontaine, b-1629: married Catherine Frontier, Jacques was involved in 26 court cases in Trois Riviers.
November 19: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Madeleine Pepin Metis, died July 8, 1722, Trois Rivieres, daughter (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)-Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630; married April 7, 1671, Trois Rivieres, Francois Roussel
November 30: in the long point of Coste de Beaupre, Nicolas Maquart conceded in Jean Baptiste Halle a ground of 3 arpents by a a126 arpents depth, located between Jacques Vauclin and grounds not yet conceded on the territory which is now that of the Guardian Angel. This is two years before (I)- Louis Guerineau aka Garnaud (1634-1698) and (I)-Jacques Jacquereau b-1628 entrusted this ground to Jacques Vezina by contract.
December 10: (I)-Emmanuel Le Borgne (1610-1675) is appointed Governor of Acadia, which is still occupied by the English. This is likely an error as he only spent two years in Acadia 1653-1655 and was not a nice person and lacked the influence or capital for such a position. He died broke at Larochelle, France.
1658
Thirty five marriages, ninety births and eighteen deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
The population of Port Royal, Acadia is no more than 250 souls.
(I)-Simon Baron, a Jesuit donnes and self taught surgeon is at Trois Rivieres having arrived 1637, 1634 Kebec and 1631 Cape Breton.
(I)-Father Claude Jean Allouez (1622-1689) arrived Kebec.
Birth (III)-Louise Cloutier, Metis, daughter (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699); married October 24, 1679, Chateau Richer, Antoine Toupin.
Trois Riviers, birth (II)-Antoine Baillargeaun dit Durivage (February 22, 1699 at Kaskakin, Illinois) son (I)-Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626 and Marie Metayer, b-1636 child od d’Etienne and Jeanne Robineau; 1st married Marie Aco; 2nd married likely 1700, Kaskakin, Illinois, Domitilde Ch8ping8a, sauvagesse.
Claude Dablon (1618-1697) a Jesuit and French settlers near Syracuse, New York fled to Canada to avoid massacre.
Louis Pinard, b-1636, surgeon married 1658 Marie Madeleine Hertal, Louis was involved in 32 court cases at Trois Riviers
(I)-Pierre You, Sieur De la Decouverte b-1669, died August 28, 1718, Ville-Marie (Montreal) son Pierre You and Renee Turrot of St. Sauveur, La Rochelle, Aunis, France, married likely 1693 Ville-Marie (Montreal) to Elisabeth Sauvagesse Miami, 2nd marriage Madeleine Juste;
RECORDED CHILDREN
Child of Elisabeth; (II)-Marie Anne You, Metis b-1694 married August 15, 1718, Jean Richard (not listed Tanguay)
Children claimed of Madeline (II)-Louise You (1706-1728), and (II)-Marie Catherine You b-1708. (not listed Tanguay) these are baptism dates and maybe children of Elisabeth.
An order from the French King forbid the people of New France to leave the colony without the Governors permission in the form of a permit. Until this time, 50% of the indentured French returned to France after their indenture was complete. A permit is issued only to those who have a wife and children and considerable property, to return to France to conduct business. The three year indenture to New France became a life sentence. In effect, these French Canadians are no longer citizens of France.
(I)-Pierre de Voyer Vicomte d’Argenson (1625-1709) became Governor of New France on July 11, 1658 to August 31, 1661. It is said that he spent half his time defending New France from the Iroquois and the other half defending New France from the Jesuit Bishop, Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708), who it was said “listened to no one” (Bishop Quebec 1659-1688) and the Jesuits. Lavel was a political appointment to undermine the Governors of New France in an attempt for the Jesuits to regain control. He urged a monopoly control over the fur trade and an increased agrarian population, but his advice was not heeded
The thirty years religious war had ended in Europe. Absolutism of one king, one faith and one law in France entrenched rather than used the promised tolerance. Religious tolerance, abolishment of witch hunts and inquisition persecution, is promised. The peasant population, especially the Protestants, continue to be harassed, and there are higher taxes to pay for the war. The people could see no immediate relief to their misery.
The Jesuit Bishop, Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708), was made Apostolic Vicar in New France. He came under the direct authority of the Roman Papacy and not under the authority of the French Crown. Last year, the Sulpicians had taken over the parish of Ville-Marie (Montreal) and became seigneurs of the island. Within a few months they were feuding bitterly with the Jesuits and with Bishop Laval, after he arrived, over ecclesiastical jurisdiction. To complicate matters, the divided clergy was in bitter opposition with the Governor and merchants. New France was being torn apart, and they appealed to the French Crown to resolve their issues.
Kebec, 5 ships arrived, the Saint Joseph at 350 tonnage captain Fabien Marot, the Taureau at 150 tonnage captain Elie Tadourneau, the Prince Guillaume at 200 tonnage captain Jacques Jamain, the Saint Sebastien captain Guillaume et Jean Poulet and the Sacrifice d’Abraham at 300 tonnage pilopt Pierre Boileau and captain Elie Raymond.
January 25: Quebec, birth (II)-Anne Soumande, Metis daughter (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637; married November 21, 1672, Quebec, Francois Hazeur
March 24: Montreal, birth (II)-Pierre Prud’homme, died March 29, 1703 Montreal son (I)-Louis Prud’homme (1608-1671) and Roberte Gadois, b-1626: married February 9, 1688, Quebec, Anne Chasle
April: The people of Beaupre request an inquiry concerning the life and morals of Father Vaillant of Cote de Beaupre. Father Vaillant counter charged the people of Beaupre as calumniators (slanders). Eighty-three witnesses are called, and Father Vaillant is condemned and ordered to pay costs.
April 12: Quebec, birth (II)-Ignace Pellerin son (I)-Pierre Pellerin dit St. Amand, b-1621 to Louise Mousseau, d-1707.
(II)-Alexander Le Borgne (1640-1693) moved to Le Heve that was burned by his father in 1653 and recently abandoned by the English. Thomas Temple from Boston moved against Le Heve and captured Borgne and sent him to England and prison.
May 1: likely Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Pierre Pineau dit La Perle (1631-1708) to Anne Boyer (1636-1704).
June 1: (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) and (I)-Medard Chouart Des Groseilliers (1618-1695/98) depart Quebec for Lake Superior and beyond, to visit the Dakota Sioux.
July 7: Quebec, (I)- Louis Guerineau aka Garnaud (1634-1698) joined with (I)-Jacques Jacquereau b-1628 to purchase a concession in Coste de Beaupre later called Guardian Angel
August 4: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Louis Petit son (I)-Nicolas Petit dit Lapree, b-1631 to Marie Pomponnelle (1630-1700): married 1st January 7, 1686, Boucherville, Marie Charles; 2nd marriage March 19, 1710, Varennes, Michelle Charter
August 6: Quebec, marriage (I)-Pierre Petit, (1633-1676) and Marie Godeau, b-1633, Pierre 2nd marriage July 6, 1663, Chateau Richer, Jeanne Morineau od diocese Lucon.
August 10: Construction of Hotel Dieu in Quebec is completed.
August 13: Quebec, birth (II)-Anne Rouleau, daughter (I)-Gabriel Rouleau dit Sanssoucy (1618-1673) and Mathurine Leroux, b-1636, epouse February 5, 1674, Ste Famille, Martin Mercier.
August 18: Quebec, birth (III)-Pierre Joseph Pinguet d-1691, son (II)-Noel Pinguet (1630-1685) to Marie Madeleine Du Pont, (1636-1696); married October 19, 1689, Montreal Catherine Tetard
September 1; Quebec, birth (II)-Marguerite Vachon, Metis, died June 24, 1703 Beauport, daughter (I)-Paul Vachon (1630-1703) and (II)-Marguerite Langlois, Metis (1639-1697); married September 1, 1658, Quebec, Jean Robert Duprac.
September 16: Montreal, marriage (I)-Jean Pichard to Louise Garnier, epouse September 19, 1661, Montreal Jacques Morin
September 19: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Angelique Lefebvre, Metis, died December 4, 1735 Becancour son (I)-Pierre Michel Lefebvre, b-1616 and Jeanne Aunois, of the Indian Nation, b-1621, died February 11, 1697, Trois Rivieres: married married 1st Marie Madeleine Cusson: married 2nd Genevieve Guyet
September 29: Marguerite Bourgeoys and Jeanne Mance (1606-1673) departed Ville-Marie (Montreal) for France to recruit young girls to be teachers.
October 18: Quebec, birth (II)-Marguerite Poulain, died May 20, 1722, daughter (I)-Claude Poulain (1615-1687) and Jeanne Mercier (1622-1687): married August 7, 1673, Jean Amyot
October 29: Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Louis Pinar, (1636-1695) to (II)-Marie Madeleine Hertel daughter (I)-Jack Hertel.
November 11: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Antoine Baillargeon, son (I)-Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626 and Marie Metayer, b-1636: married 1st Marie d’ACo; married Domitide Ch8ping8a, Indian girl
November 12: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jacques Rate, (1630-1690) to (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, b-1645 daughter (I)-Abraham Martin (1589-1664) and Marguerite Langlois, Metis
November 12: Montreal, marriage (II)-Nicolas Gode (1636-1697) son (I)-Nicolas Gode (1583-1657) and Francoise Gaddis (1586-1689) ; married Marguerite Picard b-1646, epouse October 20, 1681 Montreal Jean Pare
1659
Thirty six marriages, ninety one births and thirty one deaths are recorded in New France.
Records indicate 36 marriages, 91 births, 31 deaths and 60 excedant (single?) in Kebec, New France. The Jesuit Bishop, Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708), appealed to King Louis XIV to send troops to defeat the Iroquois barbarians.
Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Jean Baillargeon, son (I)-Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626 to Marie Metayer, b-1636:
Rene Chevalier (1626-1679) married most likely early 1659, (II)-Jeanne Langlois, Metis b-1643, Quebec daughter (I)-Noel Langlois (1606-1684) and Francoise Grenier (Garnier) d-1665, Sauvagesse
(I)-Jean Cordeau dit Desloriers b-1636 marriage Quebec to Catherine LaTour dit Simonet Metis b-1638 died February 4, 1678 Ste Family, likely the daughter of one of the LaTour brothers.
Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Elizabeth Pepin Metis died December 31, 1697 Champlain, daughter (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)-Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630; married November 16, 1671 Jean Arcouet dit Lajeunesse
Quebec, birth (II)-George Plante son (I)-Jean Plante, (1621-1706) to (II)-Francoise Boucher d-1711; married November 5, 1685, St. Francois, Margeueite Crepeau.
(II)-Jean Baptiste Prevost, Metis, b-1659, died May 12, 1737, St. Augustin, son (I)-Martin Prevost, (1611-1691) and Marie Oliver Sylvestre, Sauvagesse, (1626-1665): married 1st. August 18, 1683, Quebec, (II)-Marie Anne Giroux, b-1607 daughter (I)-Toussaint Giroux: married 2nd February 3, 1712, Ste Foye, (III)-Genevieve Sedilot, daughter (II)-Jean Sedilot.
(I)-Medard Chouart Des Groseilliers (1618-1696?) ventured among the Wendat to persuade them to bring more pelts down the St. Lawrence River. In the Green Bay area, he heard stories of much untouched beaver, north of Lake Superior to the inland sea (Bay of the North or Hudson Bay) from des Groseilliers.
Birth (II)-Elizabeth Pepin, died Decenber 31, 1697, Champlain daughter (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and Jeanne Mechin, b-1630; married November 16, 1671, Trois Rivieres, Jean Arcouet dit Lajeunesse
Cap Breton, Acadia is commanded by Monsieur Denis.
(II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) is taken on an unlicensed fur trading expedition to Lake Superior and Michigan by his half sister’s husband, (I)-Medard Chouart des Grosseilliers (1618-1696). He learns, at this time, of the Bay of the North (Hudson Bay).
Many small boats were being used on the St Lawrence River.
(I)-Louis Garnault is born 1634 baptised 1641 in Grimaudiere, France, died April 2, 1698 L’Ange Gardien, Quebec. The location of Grimaudiere is about five miles from Mirebeau, the district of Leveche de Poitiers (Vienne). He is the son of Pierre Garnault and Jeanne Barrault. He immigrated to New France under the name of (I)-Louis Garnaud (1634-1698). He was probably a Protestant and indentured for thirty-six months. La Rochelle, France is the most probable departure point to New France. La Rochelle is a sordid city because of its crowded and shabby streets, packed tightly about the waterfront. He probably arrived the summer of this year, maybe June1656.
Three ships arrived this year at Fort Quebec;
Saint-Andre- at 300 tonnnage with Captain Guillaume Poulet. Garneau not listed this ship.
Prince Guillaume- at 200 tonnage with Captain Guillaume Heurtin
Sacrifice d’Abraham- at 300 tonnage with Captain Isaie Guyesmeux
The accomplishments of the Jesuit missionaries from 1625 to 1659 are, to say the least, minor. The failure of their mission is more than compensated for by their activities as secular colonial agents.
Three Frenchmen are killed by the Iroquois at Ville-Marie (Montreal).
February 18: Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Rouillard, died June 2, 1690 daughter (I)-Antoine Rouillard dit Lariviere (1616-1666) and Marie Girard, b-1640.
March 6: Ste Genevieve, Montreal, birth (V)-Marie Angelique Plouf, Metis, Daughter (IV)-Maurice Plouf and (V)-Marie Francois, Metis, b-1730: married June 27, 1689, Quebec.
March 2, Quebec, birth (III)-Rene Pelletier, Metis, son (II)-Jean Pelletier (1631-1698) and (II)-Anne Langlois, Metis, (1637-1704)
April 10: Quebec, birth (II)-Jacquelle Fournier, Metis daughter (I)-Guillaume Fournier, (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis b-1637: married June 5, 1673, Quebec, Jean Prou.
April 15: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Marguerite Chouart, died June 22, 1711, Trois Rivieres daughter (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618/1621-1696) and (II)-Marguerite Hayet Radisson, b-1632. Godparents are Jean Guerin and (II)-Francoise Radisson, b-1636 Metis, (1635-1677) half sister of (II)-Marguerite Radisson b-1632.
May: Monsieur de la Citiere, L’Archevesque and Herosme upset a canoe returning from the Island of Orleans in heavy gale. Two Alguonquins, Jean de Noyon, a Jesuit domestic, departed Three Rivers on an embassy to Agnie, with Tigarihogen, 4 freed Iroquois Kebec prisoners, and three ambassadors from Oneiout.
May 1: Quebec marriage (I)-Mathurin Normandin (Sauvage) son Jean Normandin and Marie Desmaisons; married Suzanne Badeau epouse July 26, 1665 Kebec Jean De Rainville, daughter (I)-Jacques Badeau d-1658 and Anne Ardouin, likely sauvage. Tanguay suggests the name Normandin is Sauvage.
May 5: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth (II)-Jeanne Gervaise, Metis, daughter (I)- Jean Gervaise (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis (1621-1699); married January 17, 1678, Ville-Marie (Montreal), Jean Dupuis.
May 22: Quebec, birth (II)-Louis Prye son (I)-Nicolas Praye (Pre, Dupre) and (II)-Mathurine Buisson
June: LaRose says the ‘Flemish Bastard’ is leading five Iroquois canoes to make war on the French.
June 9: Montreal, birth/death, (II)-Gabriel Froget, Metis, son (I)-Nicolas Froget dit Despatis, b-1620 and (II)-Madeleine Martin, Metis;
June 16: The Jesuit Bishop, Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708), arrived in Quebec. It is more than ten years before Quebec would be made an Episcopal Sea with the Jesuit Bishop Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708) as the first Bishop (1674). The Jesuit Bishop, Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708), moved into a tiny two-story stone house, twenty by thirty feet in size and shared with three priests, a valet-cook and a gardener. Bishop Laval’s mission is to assert the supremacy of Church over State.
June 22: Montreal, birth (II)-Joseph Pichard son (I)-Jean Pichard and Louise Garnier
June 29: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Anne Cloutier, Metis, daughter (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699); 1st married November 11, 1681, Chateau Richer, Paschal Mercier; 2nd marriage 1697, Antoine Buteau.
July 7: L’Ange Gardien, Quebec (I)-Louis Garnaud aka Garneau also Guerineau (1634-1698) and (I)-Jacques Jacquereau b-1628 acquired three arpents of land on the coast of Bowsprit (L’Ange Gardiens, Quebec) and in 1660 entrusted land to (I)-Jacques Vesinat who married Marie Bourdon
July 8: Monsieur St. Denis departed Kebec for Tadousac by canoe. Antoine des Rosiers escaped from the Onontageronons, Iroquois near Lake Ontario, and arrived at Three Rivers.
August: Lespine set out from Kebec to hunt for seals at Isle Rouge. He would return in September with 220 seals. Sieur Maheu had, this month, set out from Kebec for the cod fishery at Isle Percee. This month 54 livres of beaver skins were stolen from the warehouse at Kebec.
August: The Coureurs des Bois (I)-Medard Chouart Sieur Des Groseilliers (1618-1695/98) and his brother-in-law (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) returned to the south shore of Lake Superior to Chequamegon, Miles Lacs area of (Wisconsin).
August 1: Thirty three canoes of the Attikameg and Piskatang arrived to trade from inland, and 6 canoes of Sault (Ojibwa). They asked for some French to join them on their return home.
August 6: Six canoes of the Nation of Sault (Ojibwa) arrived at Three Rivers, traveling inland routes, and had taken five months to trade. They requested some Frenchmen accompany them on their return.
August 10: Three Rivers, Marie Sauvahesse a slave of Joseph Claude Boucher of Niverville, Three Rivers being harassed by wife and his/her mother a Marguerite Chastelin attacked the older woman with a knife. The slave retreated to the attic and hung herself..
September: L’Epine, a Frenchman, is killed at Three Rivers by the Iroquois. Monsieur Denis Mill on Cap Diamans began to grind grain. The ship St. Andre arrived at Kebec with 130 passengers. 9-10 died during the passage of contagious fever. The contagion was passed to those in the settlement and some died.
September 7: Marguerite Bourgeoys and Jeanne Mance (1606-1673) arrived at the Mission of the Mountain of Montreal with 62 men and 47 women settlers, to establish the congregation of Notre Dame.
September 12: Guillaume Routier is taken captive by the Iroquois while fishing eels at Cap Rouge.
September 14: Quebec, birth (II)-Pierre Soumande, Metis son (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637
September 29: Quebec, birth (II)-Louise Picard daughter (I)-Jean Picard, d-1700, and (II)-Marie Caron, d-1660.; 1st married October 4, 1673Ste Anne, Louis Gagne; 2nd marriage October 12, Cap St. Ignace, Guillaume Lemieux.
October 4/18: Quebec, birth/death (II)-Pierre Rousseau son (I)-Symphorien Rousseau (1633-1688) and Jeanne Sinnallon.
October 5: Quebec, birth (II)-Therese Poirier, died September 26, 1693, Quebec, daughter (I)-Vincent Poirier dit Bellepoire, (1628-1703) and (II)-Francoise Pinguet, died May 30, 1661, veuve Pierre Delauney: married January 21, 1681, Quebec, Mathieu Guay
October 26: Montreal, death (I)-Sylvestre Vacher dit St. Julien, b-1622, killed by the Iroquois.
October 27: Quebec, birth Louise Chevalier, Metis, died September 29, 1703, Beauport daughter Rene Chevalier (1626-1679) and (II)-Jeanne Langlois, Metis b-1643, Quebec: married Jacques Parent
November 4: Quebec, marriage (II)-Pierre Pinguet dit La Glardiere b-1630, died April 22, 1704 Ste Foye, Quebec son (I)-Louise Henri Pinguet; married (II)-Anne Chevalier, Metis, daughter (I)-Charles Chevalier who lived 1645 Trois Rivieres, married a sauvagesse?, but not named.
November 17: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jean Cordeau dit Desloriers b-1636 and Catherine Latour dit Simonet Metis (1638-1678) most likely daughter of one of the LaTour brothers.
November 25: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Marguerite Volant de St. Claude, Metis, daughter (I)-Claude Volant de St. Claude, b-1636 and (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis. b-1636: married 1675, (III)-Pierre Noel Le Gardeur..
November 27: Trois Tivieres, Quebec, birth, (II)-Louis Lafleur dit Couc, Metis, voyageur, he was assassinated in 1709, going to Albany, son (II)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur (1624-1690) and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (Miteouamigoukoue), an Algonquine, sauvagesse, (1631-1699); 1st married 1681/3, Madeleine Sacokie, (Marie Sauvagesse); 2nd marriage January 7, 1687 St. Francois-du-Lac, Yamaska, Quebec Jeanne Quiquetig8k8e or Ouigatigocon, b-1656.
December: The Governor and Bishop of New France are in a childish struggle as to who has the higher place at social functions. They even squabble over who should be incensed first at Holy Mass.
December 31: Quebec, birth/death (II)-Jacques Rate, Metis, son (I)-Jacques Rate, (1630-1690) and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, b-1645.
1660
Twenty four marriages, one hundred thirteen births and forty seven deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
Pierre Martin, b-1631 farmer, married 1660, Acadia, Anne Ouestnorouest dit Petitous, b-1644; their four Metis children: Pierre 10, Rene 8, Andre 5, Jacques 2-1/2; cattle 11, sheep 6, 8 arpents of land. (1671 census)
(II)-Philippe Mius, b-1660, Acadia, son (I)-Philippe Muis D’Entremont, (1601-1701) and (I)-Madeline Helie Du Tillet, b-1626: married 1678 Acadia Marie Mi’Kmag
(I)-Quentin Moral (1622-1686) married 1660 or earlier Marie Marguerie (1620-1700) Quentin was involved in 29 court cases at Trois Riviers.
Birth (II)-Jeanne Racine, Metis, daughter of (I)-Etienne Racine, b-1607 and (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis (1624-1679); married November 3, 1682, Chateau Richer, Jean Pare.
Some contend the Kings daughters and French marriageable daughters began arriving this year, others suggest they started in 1663. There was a growing concern in France that the Metis descendants are outnumbering the French descendents and if something isn’t done, French would become a minority in New France.
Port Royal, Acadia, (II)-Alexander Le Borgne (1640-1693) son (I)-Emmanuel Le Borgue (1610-1675) married (III)-Marie La Tour b-1654 daughter (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) and his 3rd wife Jeanne Motin.
Pierre Martin married 1660, Acadia, Anne Ouestnorouest dit Petitous, sauvagesse
The Jesuits claim the engage system was originated some time before this date to increase the population of Quebec. Their terms of employment were 3 years. Many of these engages became Coureurs de Bois. Engages or indentured slaves however were employed as early as 1634.
About this time, the profession of cobblers or harness makers started in Quebec. They started producing French style shoes, but the population wanted Indian footwear. They adopted the Native moccasins and high soft boots that were water resistance. The trades were not governed by statutes and regulations of French guilds, despite repeated attempts by Intendant (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694) to establish such regulations.
A prerequisite for remaining in the New France colony was the acceptance of the Roman Catholic Faith. (I)-Louis Garnaud (1634-1698) had the choice to return to France or stay and accept the one and only true faith. The confirmation of (I)-Louis Garnaud is February 24, 1660 in Fort Quebec. He declared his age as being 26 and said he was from Saumur, which is south east of Angers in France. Family tradition suggests he left France due to the religious persecution, and this may account for the name change and other discrepancies in the records of this time.
When (I)-Louis Garnaud (1634-1698) arrived, the French colonies on the St. Lawrence are in desperate straits due to the Iroquois’ constant attacks, and the total population is only some two thousand people. Liquor traffic, despite Lavel’s excommunication decree, is in full swing as an important trade item. (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) and (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618-1696) are the best known traders at this time in Lake Michigan, Lake Superior and the Sault Ste Marie region. They established trading posts at Chequamegon, along the south shore of Lake Michigan. This area contained groups of displaced Wendat and Ottawa Natives, driven west by the Iroquois.
This spring the Coureurs des Bois (I)-Medard Chouart Sieur Des Groseilliers (1618-1696) and his brother-in-law (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) explored the north shore of Lake Superior near Pigeon River.
The French are aware that 300 leagues southward from the end of Lake Superior is the Bay of St. Esprit, in the Gulf of Mexico on the coast of Florida. About 200 leagues is a river that empties into the Vermillion Sea (California). It is also known that the Savages who live 60 leagues west of Lake Superior are trading with Europeans who are in the area.
(I)-Nicolas Perrot (1644-1717), son Nicolas Perrot, raised by the Jesuits, arrived in New France indentured to the Jesuits.
Meanwhile, Father (I)-Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708) inspired decree established working guidelines for the Colony. The intent was to ensure the bondage of young people to land and, therefore, religion. The order is for parents of New France to see their sons married by twenty and daughters by sixteen or appear in court. The Father must appear in court every six-months until the unwed child has found a mate. Many girls promised in marriage are as young as ten or twelve. This fanatical Church Indenture Decree is to ensure the religious and economic monopoly of the Church. The following Indenture laws made this perfectly clear:
* Merchants are not permitted to hold meetings for discussion of business matters. (this is to discourage free trade thinking),
* No one could trade in foreign goods. (non French goods)
* It is illegal for townspeople to rent houses or rooms to tenants from the country; the fine being 100 livre. (to retain a peasant population)
* Licenses had to be obtained to hire domestic servants. (to keep track of single people)
* Farmers are forbidden to move into town on pain of being fined fifty livre and having all their goods and chattels confiscated. (to secure a peasant population)
* Country folk must not own more than two horses or mares and one foal. (this effectively restricting prosperity),
* People are not permitted to sit on benches in front of their houses after nine in the evening. (they are expected to pro-create)
* Prohibitions on the possession of all books, save the lives of the Saints and similar volumes of devotional nature. (to prevent freethinking).
This religiously sponsored decree and Royal supported policy, drove men into the woods (runners of the woods). The exodus was so great that, at one time, the loss to the town is a quarter of the effective population. The Indenture Decree did much to encourage the growing Voyagers and ‘Bois Brule’ (Metis) population. Many of the regulations are directly traceable to the clerical influence and their egotistical insistence of importing their ideal European beliefs and values into the New Country. The decrees forced the Voyager French to align more closely with the Native beliefs and values and away from Roman and French values.
The English under the reign of King Charles II (1660-1785) shipped convicts to the colonies, New England, Maryland, Virginia and the West Indies. These included juvenile delinquents who stole food, felons, habitual criminals and highwaymen who could save their lives if they could read. Their indenture was for seven years, then they earned their freedom. Many were also engaged the in kidnapping young boys and girls, who are spirited on board colony bound ships that are sold in bondage to recover the costs of this slave trade. Those who attempted to escape are whipped, adding months or years to their indenture. Because of King Charles II (1660-1785) persecution of the Quakers in England, severe laws are passed in every colony except Rhode Island. Quakers are whipped and imprisoned, in New York they are tortured, and in Boston, hanged.
Richelieu Island, a fort siege by 200 Iroquois that expanded to over 500, in the next 10 days of the siege. The fort fell and all the French are killed.
Kabec, 4 ships arrived, the Saint Jean at 100 tonnage from Normandie with captain Elie Raymond, a ship lands at Perce with captain Lefbvre, a ship de La Rochelle captain Pointel and a second ship de la Rochelle.
The parish Chateau Richer aka La-Visitation-de-Notre-Dame-du-Château-Richer is established this year.
The parish Hotel de Quebec is established this year.
January: Seven persons presented themselves to the Jesuits to settle in Beauport New France.
January 7: Ville-Marie (Montreal), marriage, (II)-Laurent Archambault, b-1642, (Metis?) b-1642, son (I)-Jacques Archambault (1604-1688), and Francloise Toureau, sauvageese, (1600-1663); married January 7, 1660, Ville-Marie (Montreal) Catherine Marchand.
January 11: Coste de Beaupre aka L’Ange Gardien, Quebec (Audourt) (I)- Louis Guerineau aka Garnaud (1634-1698) and Jean Jacquereau had entrusted to Jacques Vesinat (Vezina), by contract the ground #9 qu ils acquired by Jean Baptiste Halle on July 7, 1658 (Audouart) others suggest November 30, 1657. Ground #9 is 3 arpents by 126 arpents. (I)- Louis Guerineau aka Garnaud (1634-1698) then returned to Quebec to work.
January 31: Kebec, birth (II)-Jean Prevost, Metis, son (I)-Martin Prevost, (1611- 1691) and Marie Oliver Sylvestre Manitouabewich, Huron or Algonquin, b-1620; married 1680, (II)-Francoise Leblanc, b-1662 daughter (I)-Leonard Leblanc, Francoise epouse February 18, 1709, Montreal, Pierre Delorme.
February: Permission to eat eggs for this year was published everywhere. Cheese was not spoken of, permission to eat it was taken for granted, as in the case of butter. The French do not commonly like eggs unless they are soft, but the Savages declare that soft eggs are still quite raw, therefore they have them boiled hard to eat.
February 14: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Prevost, Metis, son (I)-Martin Prevost (1611-1691) and Marie Olivier Sylvestre, Sauvagesse, (1626- 1665); married 1680, Francoise Leblanc.
February 19; Quebec, birth (II)-Vincent Vachon, Metis, died December 4, 1716, Beauport, son (I)-Paul Vachon (1630-1703) and (II)-Marguerite Langlois, Metis (1639-1697); married June 25, 1685 Beauport, Louise Cadieu
February 24: Cathedral of the upper town of Quebec (I)- Louis Garnaud aka Guerineau (1634-1698) is confirmed at age 26
April: Long Sault rapids: (I)-Adam Dollard (1635-1660) with 17 Frenchmen, 44 Huron and a handful of Algonquin, were intent on ambushing an Iroquois trade canoe. They, however, encountered a 300 man Iroquois army. The Indians immediately fled, but the French fought for 7 days and tried to bomb the Iroquois. The keg of gunpowder snagged and they blew themselves up. Nine survived but were executed by the Iroquois.
April: Tadoussac, marriage (II)-Francois Pelletier (1635-1690) son (I)-Nicolas Pelletier and (I)-Jeanne Du Roussy b-1614; married Dorthee sauvagesse (1613-1661) Dorthee died L’Hopital de Quebec.
May: Long Sault, (I)-Hebert b-1633, d-1660, killed by the Iroquois.
May 5: Father Francois de Lavel (1623-1708), vicar apostolic, excommunicated all residents of New France who sold liquor to the Indians. In retaliation, the traders at Tadoussac tried to prevent Druillettes and Jacque Fremin from visiting the trading post.
May 21: Jean Dechamire Lecompte is killed by the Iroquois at Long Sault, Quebec.
May 25: Jean Peronne Dumesnil (d-1667) is sent to Quebec to audit all fur-trading transactions of the Company of New France since 1645. The Company is in severe financial difficulty.
June: Quebec, arrival Jean Pere, Adrien Jollet brother of Louis Jollet.
August 10: Quebec, marriage (II)-Francois Miville son (I)-Pierre Miville; 1st married August 10, 1660 Quebec, (II)-Marie Langlois, Metis, born August 19, 1636 Kabec, died August 15, 1687; 2nd marriage November 7, 1692 Riviere Ouelle, Jeanne Savonet, died March 12, 1721 Riviere Ouelle, veuve Damien Berube.
August 22/24: The Groseillier/Radisson Expedition returned to Trois Riveres with 300 men and many furs. The Jesuits reported that 100 canoes departed Lake Superior, but that 40 canoes turned back. The remaining 60 canoes contained 200,000 livres of pelts a fortune in furs. There was a great celebration by the people at Trois Rivieres upon their return. However, because they were Coureurs des Bois and not an official French expedition, the Governor imprisoned them. The popular heroes were heavily fined and their trade goods were seized. The lack of vision would cost Kebec dearly. The Hudson Bay and many of their young men who would flood to the interior as Coureurs des Bois.
September 19: Beaupre aka L’Ange Gardien, Quebec (Audourt): (I)-Louis Garnault aka Garnaud and Guerineau (1634-1698) took a lease on the ground of Jacques Vauclin dit Rose, (Jacques Vauclin Larose) ground #10 next to his and Jacques Jacquereau holding of #9.
October 12: Quebec, Marriage, (III)-Joseph Hebert, Metis, born November 3, 1636, Kebec son (II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis (1604-1639) and Helene Desportes, b-1620 epouse January 9, 1640, Kebec, Noel Morin.
November 18, Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Cordeau, Metis daughter (I)-Jean Cordeau dit Desloriers b-1636 and Catherine Latour dit Simonet Metis (1638-1678); married January 23, 1681 Quebec (I)-Jean Vincent Beriau.(1653-1715)
November 21: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Louis Pepin Metis son (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)- Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630; believed died shortly after birth?
November 21: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Joseph Pepin Metis son (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)- Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630; believed died shortly after birth?
November 28: Father (I)-Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708) held a meeting of the church wardens and stated that Governor Pierre de Voyer Vicomte d’Argenson (1658-1661) was no longer an honorable Churchwarden; and this without having told him of it. This is likely motivated by the Governor supporting the condemnation of Father Vaillant last year. The Governor of New France informed the wardens and Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708) that he had not the power to remove him. Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708) whipped two children, Charles Couillard and Ignace de Repentigny, for saluting the Governor before saluting Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708).
December 10: Quebec, birth (II)-Bertrand Rate, Metis, died December 25, 1660, Quebec, son (I)-Jacques Rate, (1630-1690) and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, b-1645.
1661
The mission Chateau Richer de la Province de Quebec is established this year.
Thirty one marriages, one hundred fourteen births and fifty deaths are recorded in New France.
Birth (III)-Xainte Cloutier, Metis, daughter (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699); married November 11, 1681, Chateau Richer, Thomas Fortin.
Pierre Martin, Metis, b-1661, Acadia, son Pierre Martin, b-1631 and Anne Ouestnorouest dit Petitous, b-1644; (source 1671 census)
Trois Rivers, Quebec, birth (III)-Marie Angelique Couc dit Lafleur, Metis, died January 7, 1750, Pte du Lac, daughter (II)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur (1624-1690) and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (Miteouamigoukoue), an Algonquine, sauvagesse, (1631-1699); married August 3, 1682, Sorel, (I)-Francois Delpee dit Saint Cerny (Singerny (Sincerni) also St. Cerny (Cerni) and also known as Montour, b-1640, died December 15, 1725, aux Trois Rivers.
Port Royal, Acadia, (III)-Jacques Le Borgne b-1661 son (II)-Alexander La Borgne (1640-1693) and (III)-Marie La Tour b-1654; married Anne Melancon.
Louis XIV (1661-1715), age 22, assumed the Royal seat in France with the regent Queen Mother Anne of Austria. (I)-Pierre Du Bois, Baron d’Avaugour (Davaugour) (died 1664), Governor of New France August 31, 1661 to July 23, 1663, is the last Governor to serve Compagnie des Centassocies. He removed restrictions on the brandy trade with the Natives so Bishop Lavel (1623-1708) had him recalled to France. It is noteworthy that Bishop Lavel (1623-1708), a Jesuit, was a political appointment to undermine the Governor’s rule using overlapping roles and responsibilities with the Governor.
(I)-Medard Chouart Sieur Des Groseilliers (1618-1695/98) a Coureurs des Bois and, with another Coureurs des Bois (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710), this year, attempted in vain to have a third expedition approved into the north west, but was refused by the Governor. This French stupidity would have profound implications on the French culture in Canada and the United States. It is noteworthy that the European culture, at this time, only allowed aristocratic gentlemen to conduct exploration and only if accompanied by a priest. This included the English, French and Spanish. They ventured to Boston in 1662 for an expedition to the Cree’s North Bay via an ocean route, but were rejected. After being rejected on all fronts, they decided to approach England. This would take a few years to achieve.
Daniel Voil, an Englishman, is executed in New France for crimes which included smuggling, witchcraft and blasphemy. New France servants posses not one political right, they are forbidden to hold public meetings without official permission or to solicit signatures to a petition.
Charles Le Moyne de Longueuil et de Chateauguay (1626-1685)
During the past two years, fifty eight settlers are killed and fifty-nine captured by the Iroquois. The Church contends that alcohol is the cause and demands the shooting of two French men and the whipping of one for selling brandy to the Natives. (I)-Charles Garnier (born 1636), and who later settled in L’Ange Gardien, is a witness to a transaction between (I)-Louis Garnaud (1634-1698) and his future neighbor, (I)-Jean Jacquereau (b-1628). The transaction is probably the acquisition of property at L’Ange Gardien that would be necessary to attract a future wife.
Photo of the Garneau homestead.
Garneau homestead The view is to the south on the St. Lawrence River.
(I)-Louis Garnaud (1634-1698) joined twenty-one farmers in the colony and tried to organize a parish at L’Ange Gardien. (I)-Louis Garnaud’s farm is very close to the Montmorency River which falls 250 feet from a former arm of the St. Lawrence River.
The following is a listing of his immediate neighbors:
(I)-Charles Garnier (b-1636) married (II)-Marie Louise Vesina and second marriage Gertrude Couillart,
Raymond Paget alias Quercy and Charles Couillart Des Islets, Is this (I)-Raymond Pagets who arrive Kebec 1619??
Jacques Marette alias Lespine (b-1631) married 1660 Marie Paget (b-1648),
(I)-Rene Brisson (b-1635) married 1665 Anne Vesina (b-1651),
Pierre Maheust Des Hazards,
(I)-Jean Trudel (b-1629) married 1655 (I)-Marguerite Thomas (b-1634),
(I)-Laurent Gignard (b-1636) married Marie Elisabeth Sorin (b-1641),
(I)-Jean Jacquereau (b-1628) married 1663 Catherine Guiot (b-1646),
(I)-Jean Clement alias Lapointe (b-1626) married 1659 Madeline Surget (b-1638),
Francis Herbert alias Le Comte De Roussy,
Pierre Gendreau alias La Poussiere,
(I)-Jacques Goulet (b-1615) married Marguerite Maillier (b-1631),
(I)-Robert De La Laberge (b-1638) married 1663 Francoise Gausse (b-1634),
(I)-Pierre Tremblay b-1626 married 1657 Ozanne Achon (b-1633). Possible son (I)-Pierre Tremblay who arrived Kebec 1619 and his son is a possible Metis?
The following settlers are no longer at L’Ange Gardien by 1680 or are recorded by another name but were part of the original settlers:
Antoine Andrieux,
(I)-Michael Henault (b-1636) married 1662 Genevieve Macre (b-1636),
Antoine Gaboury,
(I)-Antoine Lefort (b-1646) married 1666 Marie Doyon (b-1652),
Louis Lesage,
Louis Socier married 1671 Marguerite Gaillard Duplessis,
Jacques Nourry.
The savages destroy Fort Tadoussac.
Some clain Despres Coutaire was sent by Pierre de Voyer (1625-1709?), Governor of New France (1658-1661) to discover the North West Passage to India but they failed. However in 1663 Coutaire is claimed to have reached Hudson Bay and claimed it for France. I was unable to find a Coutaire in New France.
Quebec, 4 ships arrived, the Marie at 400 tonnage with captain J. Pingault, the Taureau at 150 tonnage with captain Tadourneau, the Marguerite at 300 tonnage from La Rochelle with captain Guillaume Heuron and the Saint Pierre with captain Pierre Philie.
February 2: Trois Riviers, marriage (I)-Rene Besnard dit Bourjoli, b-1658 to (II)-Marie Sedilot, b-1629, Rene was involved in 22 court cases in Trois Riviers
March 25: (I)- Louis Garnault aka Garnaud and Guerineau aka Garneau (1634-1698) yielded his lease #10 in Beaupre aka L’Ange Gardien to Pierre Nony?, others suggest to (I)-Jacques Jacquereau b-1628 for 500 pounds.
April 13: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth (II)-Jean Gervaise, Metis, died December 18, 1672 Ville-Marie (Montreal), son, (I)- Jean Gervaise (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis (1621- 1699); married January 17, 1678, Ville-Marie (Montreal), Jean Dupuis.
June 7: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Marie Antoinette Chouart daughter (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618/1621-1696) and (II)-Marguerite Hayet Radisson, b-1632: 1st married 1679 Jean Jalot; 2nd marriage December 19, 1695, Montreal, Jean baptiste Bouchard
June 24: d’Orleans, death (II)-Nicolas Couillard is killed on the Island d’Orleans with Mr. Jean de Lauron. Nicolas is burried with the English of Quebec.
July 13: Quebec, birth (II)-Joseph Fournier, Metis son (I)-Guillaume Fournier, (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis b-1637: married 1685 Barbe Girard.
July 20: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth Pierre la Moyne d’Iberville died July 9, 1706 son Charles Le Moyne de Longueuil et de Chateauguay (1626-1685) a very wealthy and influential merchant and Catherine Thierry Primot. Pierre is classified as a greedy man with a lust for conquest for personal financial gain, but is dedicated to France. During his lifetime he used cruelty and generosity as he saw fit.
August 7: Quebec, birth Francois Chevalier, Metis, died December 19, 1661, Quebec son Rene Chevalier (1626-1679) and (II)-Jeanne Langlois, Metis b-1643, Quebec
September 26: Quebec, marriage (II)-Francois Pelletier (1635-1688) Metis, son (I)-Nicolas Pelletier (1596-1679) and Jeanne Roussy, sauvagesse (1622-1689) (Doc Lussier suggests she is Micmac from Porty Royal); 1st married Dorthee La Sauvagesse, died April 13, 1661; 2nd marriage September 26, 1661 (II)-Marguerite Madeleine Morisseau.
September 30: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Pierre Lefebvre, Metis, died October 3, 1745, Trois Rivieres son (I)-Pierre Michel Lefebvre, b-1616 and Jeanne Aunois, of the Indian Nation, b-1621, died February 11, 1697, Trois Rivieres: married September 3, 1731, Nicolet, Marie Louise Daniau.
October 7: Quebec, Daniel Vvil was shot rather than being hung, as was La Violette.
October 10: Quebec, one Frenchman was flogged for having traded brandy to the Savages.
October 14: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Soumande, Metis son (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637
October 16: Quebec, birth, (IV)-Joseph Hebert, Metis, son (III)-Joseph Hebert, Metis, b-1636 and Helene Desportes, b-1620 epouse January 9, 1640, Kebec, Noel Morin.
October 18: Quebec, birth (III)-Marie Anne Pinguet, Metis, died July 12, 1687, daughter (II)-Pierre Pinguet dit La Glardiere (1630-1704) and (II)-Anne Chevalier, Metis; married November 24, 1676 Quebec (I)-Isaac Hervieux b-1751.
December 5: L’Ange Gardien, Quebec (Auber): (I)-Louis Garnault aka Garnauld and Guerineau later Garneau (1634-1698) yielded to Jean Jacquereau, his associate, then established on the ground #16, his share of work qu ils had carried out jointly on the grounds quils had together so much with the Cote de Beaupre qu a l ile dOrleans, for the sum of 500 pounds. They had ground in common on Island Orleans and with the Coste de Beaupre.
December 21/26, Quebec, birth/death (III)-Antoine Pelletier, Metis, son (II)-Jean Pelletier (1631-1698) and (II)-Anne Langlois, Metis, (1637-1704)
1662
Thirty nine marriages, one hundred forty four births and thirty four deaths are recorded in New France.
Thirty seven Fillies a Marier arrived Quebec this year with no support of the King.
New France now has 3,300 permanent residents.
Starting this year commerce with New France is open to all merchants. Prior to this it was highly controlled.
Birth (II)-Marie Jeanne Chouart daughter (I)-Medard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618/1621-1696) and (II)-Marguerite Hayet Radisson, b-1632
(II)-Marie Angelique Couc, aka Caou, Metis, b-1662, died January 7, 1750 Pointe du Lac, daughter (I)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur (1624-1690) and Marie Miteameg8k8e (1631-1699) an Algonquine; married January 7, 1682, Sorel Francois Delpe aka St. Cerny/St. Sorny/ St. Serny
Angelique Couc dit Lafleur, Metis daughter (I)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur, (1624-1690) and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (1631-1699) an Algonquine, she 1st married 1645 Assababich b-1620 and they had two children.
Birth (II)-Madeleine Marsolet, Metis, died February 27, 1677, daughter (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (Marsollet) De St. Agnan (1587-1677) and Marie La Barbide, savage or Metis, (1620-1688), epouse May 8, 1681, Quebec, Denis Lemaitre:
A Ville-Marie (Montreal) tribunal convicted Rene Besnard of casting a spell of impotence over his former-lover’s husband Pierre Gadois. Besnards was imprisoned. In 1665 Bishop Laval annuled the still-barren marriage of Pierre Gadois and Marie Pontonnier on the grounds of “permanent impotence caused by witchcraft”. Pierre’s 2nd wife bore him 12 children.
Father (I)-Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708) departed for France to request King Louis XIV to terminate the Company of New France because, he contends, they are not adequately supporting the Roman Catholic Church. A coil of fiery serpent is seen in the sky. Later, a great ball of fire passed over the colony to the northwest. The clergy used this as a sign to entrench their religious views.
Thomas Temple (1615-1674) became Governor of Acadia ( Nova Scotia), but is forced to restore the colony to France in 1670.
The French established a small fishing settlement at Placentia, Newfoundland.
Quebec, commerce is opened to all merchants and 11 ships arrived this year, the Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvrelle at 200 tonnage with captain Jacques Jamain, the Aigle Blanc at 80 tonnage with captain Elie Raymond, the Petit Saint Jean, the Armes de Zelande at 250 tonnage with captain Janvier de Combes, the Saint Jean Baptiste at 150 tonnage with captain Guillaume Heurtin, the Flute Royale at 300 tonnage a Royale vessel with captain Guyon, the Aigle d’Or at 300 tonnage a Royal vessel with captain Nicolas Garnot dit Jambe de Bois (aka Peg Leg), the Fortune Doree at 140 tonnage with captain Francois Janot and two unnamed Royal vessels.
January: (I)- Louis Garnault aka Guerineau and Garnaud (1634-1698) is working for the account of (I)-Jacques LeRoy, an inhabitant who lived on the third ground east of Montmorency River, Quebec. This #3 ground was eventually turned over to France for unrecorded reasons.
February 23: The Ordinary or Prelate can forbid, under penalty of excommunication ipso facto, the Europeans to sell alcohol, and treat as excommunicated those who will prove disobedient and intractable.
February 27, Quebec, birth (II)-Augustin Cordeau, Metis son (I)-Jean Cordeau dit Desloriers b-1636 and Catherine Latour dit Simonet Metis (1638-1678)
May 6: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Marguerite Pepin Metis son (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)- Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630; married November 14, 1679 Trois Riviers Bernard Joachim
May 16: Kebec, birth (II)-Jean Baptiste Prevost, Metis, died May 12, 1737, son (I)-Martin Prevost, (1611- 1691) and Marie Oliver Sylvestre Manitouabewich, Huron or Algonquin, b-1620; married August 18, 1683, Beauport, Marie Anne Giroux; 2nd marriage February 3, 1712, Ste Foye, Genevieve Sedilot.
May 6: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Marie Ursule Pepin Metis daughter (I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697) and (II)- Jeanne Mechin Metis, b-1630; married 1st Nicolas Geoggroy; married 2nd November 30, 1680 Louis Pinard
May 28; Quebec, birth (II)-Louise Vachon, Metis, daughter (I)-Paul Vachon (1630-1703) and (II)-Marguerite Langlois, Metis (1639-1697); married 1679 Champlain, Leonard Paillart.
June 24: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Batiste Prevost, Metis, son (I)-Martin Prevost (1611-1691) and Marie Olivier Sylvestre, Sauvagesse, (1626- 1665); married May 4, 1690, Quebec, Francoise Cadieu.
July 25: (I)- Louis Garnault aka Garnaud and Guerineau (1634-1698) went to see (I)-Laurent Denis b-1635 and borrowed 25 pounds and 15 grounds from him. From the profits he purchased 2 arpents facing LeRoy grounds to the western/south. This ground had 5 arpents of face and (I)-Jean Grignon b-1636 bought the 3 arpents remaining.
July 26:: Kebec, marriage (I)-Jean Martineau dit LaPile, to Claire Morin de N.-D. de Mortagne, au Perche, Normandie, France, died March 29, 1666, Quebec.. epouse November 30, 1636, Kebec (I)-Jamen Bourguignon, d-1660
July 29: Montreal, birth, (II)-Marguerite Froget, Metis, died July 26, 1704 St. Francois, Ill Jesus, daughter (I)-Nicolas Froget dit Despatis, b-1620 and (II)-Madeleine Martin, Metis; 1st married 1681, Montreal, Jean Muloin; 2nd marriage, 1695, Montreal Jean Berloin
August 14: Ste Familie, birth (II)-Etienne Racine, Metis, died January, 1722 Ste Anne, son of (I)-Etienne Racine, b-1607 and (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis (1624-1679); married October 25, 1683, St. Francois, I.O., Catherine Guyon.
August 21: Quebec, marriage (II)-Jean Pelletier Metis (1647-1692) son (I)-Nicolas Peltier dit Marolles (1596-1679) and Jeanne de Voisy (Roussey) Indian/Metis (1622-1689) to Marie Genevieve Manevely De Rainville
August 25: Thirty five Iroquois attacked 14 Frenchmen on a small Island near Ville-Marie (Montreal). Monsieur Brignac and two other Frenchmen stood their ground but the other 11 fled. Brignac killed the Captain of the Iroquois on the first assault, they retreated and fired on the deserting Frenchmen killing or wounding some of them. The next assault saw Monsieur Vignal being killed and Brignac being wounded. As prisons of war Brignac was killed and Rene Fresne was adopted into the tribe.
Autumn: We saw fiery serpents, over Quebec, we beheld a great ball of fire, which illuminated the night almost with the splendor of day. This same meteor appeared over Ville-Marie (Montreal).
September 19: Quebec, marriage (I)-Laurent Du Bocq (Dubeau), b-1636, married Marie Felix Arontio, Huronne, sauvagesse, died November 1, 1689, Ville-Marie (Montreal), daughter Joachim, de la Conception.
September 23: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jean Durand (1640-1671)?? to Catherine Annennontank, Huronne, Anota, Annanonis, Ananontha, b-1649, Epouse 1672 (I)- Jacques Couturier b-1646.
September 26: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jean Durand (1640-1671), married Catherine Kateri Annennontak (Annannontok), Huronne, sauvagesse, born October 1648 Georgian Bay, near Lake Huron, daughter Nicolas Arendanke and Jeanne Otrihoandat;. epouse July 22, 1702 Quebec, Fancois du Carreau.
October 14: Sillery, birth (III)-Marie Angelique Pelletier Metis daughter (II)-Francois Pelletier (1635-1688) Metis, and (II)-Marguerite Madeleine Morisseau; married 1st Francois Baillac; 2nd marriage May 25, 1709 Trois Rivieres Antoine De Gerlais..
November 6: Quebec, marriage (II)-Louis Cote, Metis, born October 25, 1635, d-1669, son (I)-Jean Cote d-1661 and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis; and married (I)-Elizabeth Langlois, Metis daughter (I)-Noel Langlois (1606-1634) and Francoice Grenier (Garnier) d-1665, sauvagesse: Elizabeth epouse December 15, 1669, Quebec Guillaume Lemieux
December 26: Quebec, birth (II)-Jacques Rate, Metis, d-1666, son (I)-Jacques Rate, (1630-1690) and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, b-1645.
1663
Sixty seven marriages, one hundred forty three births and thirty five deaths are recorded in New France.
Between (1634 to 1663) 262 Fillies a Marier, girls from France sponsored by individuals for marriage in New France were recruited
The Ursuline reported they were educating between 60-80 Indian girls as future wives of Frenchmen. Some only last a few hours, to a few days, to a few months. Some left to marry Frenchmen before their education was completed.
Rene Martin, Metis, b-1663, Acadia, son Pierre Martin, b-1631 and Anne Ouestnorouest dit Petitous, b-1644; (1671 census)
Some suggest Father (I)-Claude Jean Allouez (1613-1689) was made governor of all Natives and Traders of the Northwest Wilderness.
Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619–83) was concerned that the French population was mainly unmarried males, many of whom interbred freely with the Indians, wasting their seeds among the pagans instead of increasing the strength of the colony. It is noteworthy that most of these Metis children went unrecorded and left in the hands of the mother for rearing.
Trois Tivieres, Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Couc dit Lafleur, Metis, daughter (I)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur (1624-1665) and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (Miteouamigoukoue), an Algonquine, sauvagesse, (1631-1699).
(I)-Jean Verdon, b-1613, d-1663, Chateau Richer.
King Louis XIV issued an edict, taking all the assets of the Company of New France, making New France a Royal Province. In return, he sent hundreds of troops to deal with the Iroquois. Louis Gaudais Dupont appointed special agent for New France to take possession in the name of the King. He is commanded to take a census of New France, its economy, its lack of women and girls so that provisions can be made for sending some in coming years. The Hundred Associates, this year, abandon their seigniorial rights to the French crown.
King Louis XIV established a Superior Council of Quebec to resolve pressing problems, being composed of the governor, a senior cleric and five others whom they will choose jointly, and an Attorney General to be governed by the laws of the Kingdom. The council can establish lower courts at Quebec, Three Rivers and Ville-Marie (Montreal). Augustin de Saffray Mezy (1663-65) is appointed Governor.
The French King Louis XIV, himself, nominated the Bishop of New France as part of his campaign to bring the Roman Catholic Church under his control. This is a reaction to the previous Jesuit rule of both France and New France.
The Jesuit Bishop, Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708), lost his power and the authority to appoint members to the Sovereign Council of New France. As a result, his influence declined and his attendance at Council became less frequent. He lost this privilege because he squabbled with the Governor of New France and had been trying to regain Jesuit power in the colony over temporal matters.
Augustin de Mezy de Saffray is appointed Governor of New France.
A Ville-Marie (Montreal) resident was fined 10 livres for plowing in plain view on a Sunday.
Seventeen ‘Young Ladies’ (Filles du Roi) arrived in Quebec this year.
(I)-Marie Mazoue (1644-1703) baptized a Calvinist La Rochelle, Aunis, France daughter Etienne Mazoue and Marie Merand departed La Rochelle, Aunis, France (Charente Maritime). Her dowry of four hundred pounds included three hundred pounds from her godmother, Marie Flacquemesle. Her dowry suggests a high probability that she is one of the King’s Daughters or Fillies du Roi.
It is noteworthy that the term ‘Filles du Roi’ was not used at this time and likely became popular about 1700. At this time they were called ‘girls’ or ‘young ladies’
King’s Daughters The King’s Daughters are defined, by some, as the period of 1663 to 1673, where the King provided dowry for poor or adventurous young girls, some as young as sixteen, who would immigrate to New France. This is likely based on the doubling of the number of marriages of this year over last year (39 vs 67). Others suggest this practice started in 1660 rather than 1663. The Jesuit Relations suggest girls or young ladies were being sent to New France as early as 1639. Jean Baptiste Cilbert ordered the scouring of orphanages for robust girls of good character as filles du Roi for Kebec.
The reality of the times, these early young ladies of the King (Filles du Roi) were gathered from the streets of Paris and other towns. The program was to sweep clean the streets of homeless woman. Female criminals, prostitutes, orphans and the poor were gathered up for export to New France.
However, some suggest that before1660, the girl’s relatives paid the dowry and the girls were known as filles des marier or marriageable daughters. Others suggest few girls actually received the promised dowry. The estimate, including the Kings daughters, is that four thousand eight hundred and ninety four girls arrived from 1608 to 1700 in New France. The Kings daughters were to receive a dowry of one hundred livres (only 5 of 606 sampled received this amount), ten for personal and moving expenses, thirty for clothing and sixty for passage. Included is a hope chest filled with necessities such as needles, thread and cloth. The records indicate that the Province of origin of the eight hundred and fifty two Fillies du Roi, who arrived during 1663 to 1673, was as follows:
314 Ide De France 5 Brie
153 Normandy 5 Berry
86 Aunis 5 Auvergne
43 Champange 4 Limousin
38 Poitou 3 Angoumois
22 Anjou 3 Provence
22 Beauce 3 Savoie
19 Maine 2 Franche-Comte
19 Orleanais 2 Gascogne
This year there are six bachelors for every girl of marrying age, 12 years or older, in the colony. The average age of the men is 22.2 years. The statistics are 67 marriages, 143 births, 35 deaths and 108 excedant (single or surplus) in New France. (I)-Marie Mazoue (1644-1703) arrived with thirty King’s girls between the ages of twelve and forty-five. It is the custom to deport any pregnant girl who arrived. The Priests and Notaries are on hand with the expectation that the girls will select her husband upon arrival. Given the shortages of women, the men are on their best behavior, and extensive questioning takes place as to their economic status with health being a priority. (I)-Marie Mazoue (1644-1703), age 19, with her dowry of four hundred and fifty pounds, could be more discerning as to his character, beliefs and values, as was her priority. She could afford to select a young man.
The men’s preference is for peasant girls because they are healthy and industrious. The men prefer the plumpest girls first. They overlook a bad complexion or squint if the figure is buxom, as this is considered a sign of fertility. The marriage follows selection, priests being on hand to conduct the ceremony and notaries to make out the necessary papers. The State gives each couple an ox, cow, two pigs, a pair of chicken, two barrels of salted meat and eleven crowns in money.
The Filles du Roi first question was about the Suitor’s home, finances, land and occupation. Marie de I’lincarnation says: “The smarest [among the suitors] began making an habitation one year before getting married, because those with an habitation find a wife easier. It’s the first thing that the girls ask about, wisely at that, since those who are not established suffer greatly before being comfortable.” The average interval between arrival and marriage is four to five months, although the average interval for girls aged 12 to 16 was slightly longer than fifteen months.
SOME FILLE DU ROI who arrived 1663 and entered into contract of marriage
Marie-Anne Agatha, married. Armand, Laurent,
Mary Albert, married. Jean Chauveau, dit Lafleur,
Marguerite Ardion, b-1638, a protestant, a widow and child Laurent Beaudet, married Jean Rabouin.
Catherine Barré, married. Nicolas Roy
Catherine De Boisandré, married . Marc-Antoine Gobelin dit Cinq-Mars, said his name was Cinq-Mars
Francoise Brunet, b-1635, widow 1st married 1654 Martin Durand, came with two children, married 1663 Theodore Sureau dit Elder
Louise Charrier, married. Guillaume (William) Baret,
Marie-Madeleine De Chevrainville, said Lafontaine, married. Joseph-Isaac Lamy,
Helen Dufiguier, married. Jacques Fournier, Sieur Delaville,
Catherine Dupuis, married. Charles Martin,
Mary Faucon, married Guillaume Chartier; 2nd marriage 1708 François Jocteau,
Anne Labbé, Anne married. Guillaume Gilles, (in France), 2nd marriage 1663 Marc Girard,
Marie Lafaye, married. Rene Emond,
Catherine Fievre, married. Charles Allaire, Charles,
Louise Gargotten , b-1637, married Daniel Perron dit Suire
Anne Lemaître, married. Adrien Blanquet dit La Fougère,
Susan De Licerace, married. Michel Bisson, dit Amos, said his name was Amos
Francoise Moisan, married. Antoine Brunet, Antoine, dit Belhumeur, said his name is Belhumeur; 2nd marriage 1707, Pierre Perthuis, dit Lalime, said his name is Lalime,
Marguerite Moitié, married. Joseph-Élie Gauthier,
Catherine Paulo b-1645, married Etienne Canpeau
Marguerite Peuvier, b-1640, married Jacques Meneux dit Chateauneuf; 2nd marriage 1696 Guillaume Lizot
Catherine Pillant, b-1650, married Pierre Charon dit Ducharme
Marie Targer, married Jean Royer; 2nd marriage 1676 Robert Tourneroche,
Masthurine Thibault, married. Jean Milot, dit Bourguignon,
Marie Valade b-1647, married Jean Baptiste Cadieux; 2nd marriage 1682 Philippe Boudier,
Populating this list it is fairly obvious that records compiled in France did not accompany the girls. Some created a family name upon arrival because they didn’t possess one or didn’t know it or they created it during the promise of marriage phase. Place of birth was also created in some cases. The names of some husbands was also created during the process.
Roomers persist that some of the King’s girls are the prostitutes of France. The authorities continue to deny this claim. If they behave badly on the trip over, they are sent back, But in reality few, if any, are returned. Many poor girls, however, are sent against their wishes.
Once married, women were the property of her husband. She could never get a divorce, and could not get a separation unless he beat her with a stick thicker than his wrist. For all intent and purpose, she was a slave. The savages thought this practice was barbaric and belittled women, the givers of life.
The population of New France is two thousand, five hundred, of whom eight hundred are in Fort Quebec. This is an increase of only 500 over the past ten years.
The Church, at this time, also held about one tenth of the seigniorial lands in the St. Lawrence valley.
Quebec becomes the capital city of New France.
January 7: Three suns are seen in the sky at once over New France.
January 15: Three suns are again seen in the sky at once over New France.
January 24: Quebec, La Badaude’s house was robbed, and the thief, Larose, set fire to it to conceal his crime; he was convicted and hanged. Several other thieves were found out, but few were punished.
February 5: Just before the Great Earthquake, Quebec was in carnival, orgies, drinking bouts, and dances, not to speak of some things more serious, which may offend chaste ears and are better passed over in silence than mentioned. Heaven and earth have spoken to us many times during this year.
February 5, 5:30P.M.: A great earthquake, centered near the mouth of the Saguenay River, shook the whole country, and some people thought the world was about to end. The priests used this natural phenomenon as a sign to align the people with their beliefs and values. Father (I)-Jerome Lalemant (1593-1673) wrote: “Mountains were swallowed up, forests were changed into great lakes, rivers disappeared, thunder rumbled beneath our feet, which belched forth flames.” The Savages say: “All the woods were drunken.” Pikes and lances of fire were seen, waving in the air. At Three Rivers: The first and severest of all the shocks began with a rumbling like that of thunder, the house were shaken like tree tops during a storm, amid a noise that made people think there was a fire crackling in their garrets. Both shores of the St. Lawrence River for 300 miles are strewn with uprooted trees. The first shock lasted 1/2 hour and was felt beyond Ville-Marie (Montreal) to Acadia and New England. The after shocks continued for more than 6 months, well into August, some suggested until September 9. Not a person lost his life or even his earthly possessions.
The shocks which continued for months and, in September (some say December, see note end 1663), an eclipse of the sun are used by Father Jerome Lalemant to a revival of piety. Lalwmant also used this natural phenomena to terrorize the Savages.
February 20: (I)- Louis Garnault aka Garnaud and Guerineau (1634-1698) at age 29 became sedentary on the territory of the Coste de Beaupre, that was later called the Guardian Angel.
February 24: Quebec, birth Jean Chevalier, Metis, son Rene Chevalier (1626-1679) and (II)-Jeanne Langlois, Metis b-1643, Quebec: married February 25, 1686 Beauport, Marie Madeleine Lvisse
February 24: The French Crown acquired all assets of the Company of New France, making New France a Royal Colony.
April 17: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Francoise Volant de St. Claude, Metis,died July 1663. Trois Rivieres, daughter (I)-Claude Volant de St. Claude, b-1636 and (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis. b-1636.
April 22, Quebec, birth (III)-Jean Pelletier, Metis, d-1739 son (II)-Jean Pelletier (1631-1698) and (II)-Anne Langlois, Metis, (1637-1704); married January 8, 1689, Riviere Ouelle, (II)-Marie Anne St. Laurent Huot born January 6, 1666 Riviere Ouelle veuve Louis Garnaut.
May 1: Augustin de Saffray de Mezy is appointed Royal Governor of New France from September 15, 1663 to May 5, 1665.
May 7: Louis Gaudais Dupont is appointed special commissioner for New France to take possession in the name of the King.
May 29: Sieur de Beaulier and his valet is burned to death in his home on the Island de Orleans being set by another valet who was convicted. It was ordered that his hand be cut off, and to be hanged and burnt, which was carried out June 8.
June: Quebec, (I)-Marie Mazoue also Masoue, (1644-1713) arrived Quebec in the Phoenix de Flessingue ship of 200 barrels. She was a girl of the King and had an estimated 150 pounds, plus a gift from her godmother of 300 pounds.
June 2: Quebec, (I)-Jacques Gourdeau b-1614 or 1624, was assonated and his house burned downed to hide the murder.
June 18: Quebec, birth (III)-Francoise Miville. Metis, died December 6, 1727Cap St. Ignace, daughter, (II)-Francois Miville and (II)-Marie Langlois, Metis (1636-1687; married November 16, 1680 Cap St. Ignace, Pierre Richard.
June 24: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth, (II)-Jean Tessier dit Lavigue, Metis, died December 7, 1734 Ville-Marie (Montreal), son (I)- Urbain Tessier, (1624-1689) and (II)-Marie Archambault, Metis, baptised, 1636, died August 16, 1719 Pte Aux Trembles, Ville-Marie (Montreal); 1st married November 21, 1686 (II)-Laprairie Jeanne Leber b-1671, died December 4, 1687 Laprairie daughter (I)-Jean Leber: 2nd married April 21, 1688 Laprairie (II)-Louise Caron b-1671, died April 13, 1703 Ville-Marie (Montreal),daughter (I)-Claude Caron; 3rd marriage August 27, 1703 Laprairie (II)-Marie Catherine de Poitiers, b-1671 died January 22, 1745 Ville-Marie (Montreal) daughter (I)-Jean Baptiste Poitiers.
July 5: Father (I)-Rene Menard (1605-1661) party of 7 Frenchmen reached Ville-Marie (Montreal) with 35 canoes and 150 men with furs to trade. Father Menard and Jean Guerin, d-1662, died on this expedition.
July 9: Quebec, (I)-Louis Garnaud aka Garnault and Guerineau, (1634-1698) seeking a wife meets (I)-Marie Mazoue also Masoue, (1644-1713) and signed a marriage contract
July 17: Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Madeleine Fournier, Metis, died October 8, 1664, Quebec, daughter (I)-Guillaume Fournier, (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis b-1637:
July 21: Father Claude Allouez (1622-1689) is assigned Vicar General of the Quebec diocese which includes the central region of America.
July 23: Marie Mazoue (1644-1703) had selected Louis Garnaud (1641-1698) to begin the Garneau ancestry as recorded by the Notary Guillaume Audouart. They moved to Coste de Beaupre aka Garden Angel.
July 31: Sillery. birth (III)-Jean Francois Xavier Pelletier Metis, killed November 2, 1692 by Iroquois, son (II)-Jean Pelletier Metis (1647-1692) and Marie Genevieve Manevely De Rainville; married May 7, 1685 Sorel, Genevieve Le Tendre
August 15: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Joseph Cloutier, Metis, died April 7, 1671, Chateau Richer, son (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699);
September: A ship arrived from France with Commissioner Louis Gaudais Dupont and 159 settlers who were indentured for three years, sixty settlers had died at sea.
September 1: A solar eclipse is noted at Quebec.
September 18: The Conseil Souverain (Sovereign Council) of New France is established, consisting of the Royal Governor, Bishop and five councilors.
September 19: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Madeleine Cote, Metis, died August 25, 1689 Cap Ste Ignace, daughter (II)-Louis Cote d-1669 and (II)-Elizabeth Langlois, Metis b-1645: married November 26, 1682 Cap St. Ignace, Louis Lemieux.
September 22: Thirty-six girls (some claim the first group of Filles du Roi) arrived Quebec.
September 28: The Sovereign Council banned the sale of liquor to Indians.
October 2: A ship from Normandy brings 82 girls and women, and one hundred and thirty laboring men.
October 7: Jean Baptiste Legardeur de Repentigny is appointed the first Mayor of Quebec.
October 20: Kebec, marriage (I)-Catherine De Boisandre, (1640-1685), a Filles du Roi to (I)-Marc Antoine Gobelin dit Cinq Mars.
October 22: Kebec, marriage (I)-Catherine Barre, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Nicolas Roy
October 22: Kebec, marriage (I)-Marie Lafaye, (1633-1708) a Filles du Roi to (I)-Rene Emond, b-1636
October 22: Kebec, marriage (I)-Marie Madeleine De Chevrainville dite Lafontaine, b-1650, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Joseph Isaac Lamy, b-1640
October 23: Chateau Richer, marriage (I)-Marguerite Le Peuvrier, b-1638, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Jacques Meneux dit Chateauneuf, b-1639; 2nd marriage Lizot Guillaume
October 24: Chateau Richer, marriage (I)-Marguerite Moitie (1648-1701) a Filles du Roi to (I)-Joseph Elie Gauthier (1626-1700)
October 24: Kebec, marriage (I)-Helene Dufiguier, b-1644, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Jacques Fournier, sieur Delaville, b-1633
October 26: Kebec, marriage (I)-Marie Anne Agathe, d-1700, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Laurent Armand.
October 28: Kebec, marriage (I)-Marguerite, b-1643, a Filles du Roi arrived with her son (II)-Laurent Beaudet, married (I)-Jean Rabouin (1637-1707)
October 29: Kebec, marriage (I)-Marie Albert, b-1645, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Jean Chauveau dit Lafleur, b-1635
November 2: Chateau Richer, marriage (I)-Marie Targer, b-1641 a Filles du Roi to (I)-Jean Royer, b-1636 (epouse 1st Madeleine Du Bois): epouse February 16, 1676 Ste Famille, Roberta Tourneroche
November 7: Kebec, marriage (I)-Anne Le Maitre (veuve Louis Le Roy), b-1617, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Adrien Blanquet dit La Fougere, b-1604
November 8: Kebec, marriage (I)-Francoise Brunet, d-1677 (veuve Martin Durand), a Filles du Roi to (I)-Theodore Sureau, d-1677.
November 10: Kebec, marriage (I)-Catherine Fievre, b-1645, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Charles Allaire aka Alaire, b-1635.
November 12: Kebec, marriage (I)-Louise Menacier, b-1638 a Filles du Roi to (I)-Toussaint Ledran (1638-1711)
November 19: Trois Rivieres, marriage (I)-Louise Charrier (Charier), a Filles du Roi to (I)-Guillaume Baret
November 19: Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy (1596-1670) is appointed Lieutenant General of all French territories in North and South America.
November 23: Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Anne Rate, Metis, son (I)-Jacques Rate, (1630-1690) and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, b-1645; married November 23, 1683, St. Pierre, I., Ignace Gosselin.
November 24: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth (II)-Louis Gervaise, Metis, son, (I)- Jean Gervaise (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis (1621- 1699); married November 25, 1686, Ville-Marie (Montreal) (II)-Barbe Pigeon daughter (I)-Pierre Pigeon.
November 26: Trois Rivieres, marriage (II)-Jean Crevier Sieur Duvernet-Duvernay, Metis b-1642 son (I)-Christophe Crevier and Jeanne Enard Metis b-1619; married (II)-Marguerite Hertel daughter (I)-Jacques Hertal (1630-1651) and Marie Harguerine d-1700
November 26: Kebec, marriage (I)-Mathurine Thibault, a Filles du Roi to Jean Milot dit Bourguignon
November 26: Ville Marie (Montreal), marriage (I)-Marie Valade, b-1644, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Jean Cadieux, (1634-1681): epouse February 9, 1682, Montreal, Philippe Boudier
November 28: Ville Marie (Montreal), marriage (I)-Catherine Dupuis aka Dupay, b-1644, a Filles du Roi to (II)-Charles Martin , b-1644
November 28: Ville Marie (Montreal), marriage (I)-Francoise Moisan, b-1645, a Filles du Roi to (II)-Antoine Brunet dit Belhumeur, b-1644: 2nd marriage February 13, 1707 Pierre dit Lalime
November 28: Montreal, marriage (II)-Charles Martin Metis b-1648 son (I)-(II)-Pierre Martin and Madeleine Panis (slave); married 1st Catherine Dupuy (1644-1682); 2nd marriage October 6, 1683 Boucherville Marie Attanville b-1645, veuve Jean Fauconnier.
November 28: Young Ladies (Fillies du Roi) are not allowed to marry at their leisure, and the priests are forbidden to slow down marriages for fear that some are not free and of a marriageable state.
December 1: Trois Rivieres, death (I)-Jean Trepie.
December 2: Sillery birth (III)-Francoise Pelletier Metis son (II)-Francois Pelletier (1635-1688) Metis, and (II)-Marguerite Madeleine Morisseau; married May 2, 1689 Champlain Madeleine Thunes.
1663
QUEBEC, NEW FRANCE
Kebec, New France marriage (I)-Louis Garnaud aka Garnault and Guerineau, is born 1634, La Grimaudiere, Vienne, France, died April 2, 1698, L’Ange Gardien, New France, son of Pierre Garnault and Jeanne Barault (Barrault) of Grimaudiere, Leveche De (Vienne) Poitiers, Anjou, France.
Married; July 23, 1663, Quebec, New France, (I)-Marie Mazoue also Masoue, born, December 3, 1644, baptized December 8, 1644 La Rochelle, Aunis, France, died, June 19, 1713, L’Ange Gardien, New France. Daughter: of Etienne Mazoue and Marie Merand of La Rochelle, Aunis, France. Sources: (Voy., Vol. I, P252), Tanguay & Cyrrien, The French Canadians 1600-1900 (PQ441-252) & November 14, 1681 census C-2474 Seigneurie de Beaupre. Dictionnaire Genealogique des Families du Quebec. She was a junior of a family of 7 children. Her father died when she was age 9 and her mother when she was age 18.
Events:
1656 Louis arrived Fort Kebec.
1660 February 24 Louis is confirmed at Kebec.
1661 Louis joined the L’Ange Gardien, New France colony.
1663 Marie arrived Fort Quebec.
1713 June 19, inventory of Louis possessions.
1715 October 4, inventory of Marie possessions.
EIGHT CHILDREN ARE RECORDED:
(II)-Francois Garnaud, born, September 28, 1665, at Chateau Richer, New France, married, February 7, 1689, at L’Ange Gardien, New France a (II)-Louise Carreau, born, April 18, 1664, Quebec, New France, daughter (I)-Louis Carreau alias Lafraicheur, born 1621 who arrived from Bordeaux, France and married, April 30, 1654, Fort Quebec an (I)-Jeanne Lerouge, born 1625, died March 9, 1696.
(II)-Louis Garnaud, born, April 2, 1670, died, October 6, 1750, and married, April 14, 1692, all at L’Ange Gardien, New France to (II)-Marie Anne Huot, born, May 14, 1674, died, March 4, 1703, at L’Ange-Gardien, New France; daughter (I)-Mathurin Huot, born 1646, D’Angers, Anjou, France, died 1712 and (II)-Marie Letartre, born 1653.
(II)-Louis Garnaud second marriage, June 25, 1705, at Beauport, New France a (II)-Marguerite Catherine Soulard (Miville), born, March 13, 1669, (elle espouse 1696 Pierre Vachon); daughter (I)-Jean Soulard, born 1646, died 1710 married 1666 a
(II)-Catherine Boutet, born 1637, (widow Charles Philippeau).
(II)-Anonyme-1 Garnaud, was born and died, January 29, 1671, at Chateau Richer, New France.
(II)-Charles Garnaud, was born, August 9, 1671, at L’Ange Gardien, New France and assumed to have been still born.
(II)-Anonyme-2 Garnaud, was born and died, October 7, 1673, at L’Ange Gardien, New France.
(II)-Jean Garnaud was born, October 9, 1676, at L’Ange Gardien, New France, died, November 27, 1749, at Charlesbourg, New France, married, April 8, 1698, at L’Ange Gardien, New France a (II)-Louise Huot, born, December 20, 1679, L’Ange-Gardien, New France, died, July 7, 1730, Charlesbourg, New France; daughter (I)-Mathurin Huot born, 1646 and (II)-Marie Letartre born,
1653.
(II)-Jean Garnaud second marriage, March 7, 1735, at Charlesbourg, New France a (III)-Marie Ursule Martin, born, August 27, 1707, daughter (II)-Antoine Martin, born 1654 and married 1699 a (II)-Marie Bonet, born 1677; (Ursule second marriage, November 23, 1750 at Charlesbourg, New France a Charles Corvaosier).
(II)-Louis Garnaud is born, March 23, 1678, at L’Ange Gardien, New France and probable marriage about 1710 Beauceville, New France.
(II)-Jacques Garnaud, born, May 1, 1679, died, July 15, 1711, and married October 6, 1701 all at L’Ange Gardien, New France a (III)-Angelique Trudel, born, August 4, 1682, L’Ange-Gardien, New France, daughter (II)-Pierre Trudel, born 1658 and married 1680 a (II)-Francoise Le Francois, born 1663; Angelique second marriage, November 23, 1711, a Jacques Huot at L’Ange Gardien, New France.
(I)-Louis and Marie Garnaud immediately departed for L’Ange-Gardien in the parish of Chateau Richer. There is no church at L’Ange-Gardien. L’Ange Gardien is located between the rivers Montmorency and Petit Pre that is about ten miles north east of Quebec city on the north side of the St. Lawrence river. This colony claimed to have existed since 1570, but it must have been a wintering or unauthorized trading location.
Meanwhile, (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) and (I)-Medard Chouart Des Groseilliers (1618-1696?), with three hundred canoe loads of northern pelts, returned to Fort Quebec. These prominent Coureurs des Bois are arrested and fined by the Governor and their furs are seized. They had been refused permission to trade in 1661 unless they gave one half of all future trading profits to the monopoly. This gross act of free trade suppression would ultimately lead to the creation of the Hudson Bay Company by (I)-Medard Chouart Des Groseilliers (1618-1696?) and the ultimate loss of New France to England. Groseillier immediately departed to France to request an over turning of the New France trade decision, but he got a cold shoulder in France. As a result, a directive effectively placed the Metis and French free traders- those Coureurs des Bois- to the status of criminals.
The Jesuits ousted the Recollects from New France because of their humility. The Jesuits now exercised a complete religious monopoly and, now, had a better chance to control the trade. When the King hears of this treachery he would restore them in 1668. As a result of this tampering, the King decreed he would appoint future Bishops to New France. The Company of New France, deemed a complete failure by King Louis, surrendered its charter in 1663. The Royal Government of France replaced it, remaining the same until New France fell in 1760.
Pierre Boucher (1622-1717) is again made Governor of Three Rivers (1663-1665).
(I)-Augustin de Saffray, chevalier de Mezy, died May 5, 1665, is appointed Governor of New France from September 15, 1663 to May 5, 1665. His rule was undermined by the Jesuits who politically appointed Bishop Lavel (1623-1708) with overlapping roles and responsibilities with the Governor. The Jesuits considered Mezy as a violent and arbitrary ruler. Had Mezy survived, he likely would have labeled the Jesuit Bishop Lavel as more political than religious. History would verify this predominant role of the Jesuits.
“I just visited you site and the sun eclipse which followed the February earthquake did not happen in December but rather on 1 September 1663. It is specified in a letter from Mother Marie de L’Incarnation to her son (was married before entering the convent) in which she says she was ready to die when the earthquake happened. The letter is dated 1 September 1663 and it finishes abruptly like this (quoted by memory) : “I have to close this letter to watch the sun eclipse just starting; it is 1:00 p.m.” With a reliable astronomy software called Red Shift 3, I could reproduce the eclipse for Quebec City and it started at 1:10 p.m. I could also check other eclipses described even in antiquity (namely 28 May -585 in now Turkey said to have stopped a war) and the reproduction is really neat.” Source Denis Hamel of Ville-Marie (Montreal), Quebec.
Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619–83), a French statesman who took over direction of colonial affairs, strongly opposed French westward expansion. He considered the clergy as a group of parasites. (I)-Jean Talon, Intendant of New France (1625/26-1694), had proposed the establishment of a vast French Empire from the St. Lawrence to Florida and Mexico. Colbert argued it would be poor policy to depopulate France in order to populate Canada. Colbert wrote that to strengthen the colony is to cause justice to reign, to establish a good civil administration, to take care of the settlers, to give them peace, tranquility and abundance, and to train them to defend themselves against all manner of foes; for these are the basis and foundation of every establishment. Colbert had misgivings in allowing Canadians to trade, as he feared the habitants would remain idle a good part of the year, whereas if they were not allowed to engage in it, they would be obliged to apply themselves to cultivating their land.
Autumn: The Agniehronnon (Iroquois) captured two Frenchmen out hunting from Three Rivers, but they eventually escaped to tell their tales. The Iroquois do most of their trade for fire-arms, powder and lead with the Dutch at New Holland.
1664
Thirty eight marriages, two hundred four births and thirty eight deaths are recorded in New France.
SOME FILLE DU ROI who arrived 1664 and entered into contract of marriage
Marie-Madeleine Boutet, married. Gervais Bisson, , le 15 septembre, 1664 Bisson, Gervais,
Madeline Carbonnet, married. Sédilot, (Stephan) Étienne, dit Desnoyers, said his name is Desnoyers
Francois Charron, no marriage in 1664
Claude De Mangeon married. Thomas Lesueur dit Lagrandeur, said his name Lagrandeur,
Joan Dodier, married. Adrien (Adrian) Joliet, Sieur de Chansenaye; 2nd marriage 1672 Antoine Baillargé; 3rd marriage 1674 Mathurin Normandin dit Beausoleil, said his name is Beausoleil
Margaret Gaillard, said her name was Duplessis, married. Francois Provost,
Margaret Gambier, married Michel. Legardeur dit Sanssoucy, said his name was Sanssoucy,
Louise Gargottin, married. Daniel Perron dit Suire, said his name is Suire; 2nd marriage 1679 Charles-Louis Alain,
Anne Gendreau, married. René Leduc,
Margaret Gaillard, said her name is Duplessis, married François Provost; 2nd marriage 1671 Louis Saucier; 3rd marriage 1677, Michel Legardeur dit Sanssoucy, said his name is Sanssoucy
Françoise Huché, married Guillaume Bonhomme,
Joachine Lafleur, married Pierre Martin,
GenevièveLaurence, b-1643, married. Adrien Michelon; 2nd marriage 1681, Jean Journet dit Guespin, said his name is Guespin
Jacqueline Lauvergnat, married, Pierre Gaulin, Pierre; 2nd marriage 1679 Marc Bareau,
Jacquette Ledoux, married Jacques Grimault; 2nd marriage 1668 Marc Tessier, Marc,
Anne Lépine, married François Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne,
Anne Loiseau, married. Guillaume Gendron dit La Rondière, told his name is Rondiere; 2nd marriage 1688, Charles Lemoine dit Charleville, said his name is Charleville
Marthe Ragot, married Louis Samson,
Jeanne Repoche, married Jérôme Bilodeau,
Marie Repoche, married Julien Jamin,
Marie-Sainte Vié dite Lamotte said her name is Lamotte, married Jean Poitras
(I)-Pierre Artaut, Sieur de la Tour, b-1630 married 1664 Trois Rivieres, Louise Sauvagesse, b-1621
Trois Rivieres, marriage (II)-Nicolas Crevier dit Bellerive Metis son (I)-Christophe Crevier Sieur de la Mesle and Jeanne Enard, Metis or sauvagesse b-1619; married 1664 Trois Rivieres, Louise Leloutre, b-1648
(I)-Francoise Charron a Filles du Roi arrived Quebec 1664.
Port Royal, Acadia, (III)-Anne Le Borgne b-1664 daughter (II)-Alexander La Borgne (1640-1693) and (III)-Marie La Tour b-1654; married Jacques Muis, sieur de Poubomcou.
Quebec, marriage, (I)-Genevieve Laurence, b-1643, a Filles du Roi to 1st (I)-Adrien Michelon (1644-1681): 2nd September 9, 1681 Quebect, Jean Jorunet, dit Guespin.
Central L’Ange Gardien had the following settlers from 1664 to 1680 and appears to have been Church controlled Seigniorial land during this period. The settlers from west to east are:
(I)-Jean Clement alias Lapointe (b-1626) married Madeline Surget (b-1638) farming 2 arpent,
(I)-Pierre Boivin (b-1646) married 1664 Etienne Fafard (b-1652) farming 2 arpent,
(I)-Nicholas Quentin alias La Fontaine (b-1633) married 1660 Madeline Roulois (b-1646) farming 4, arpent, north of Nicholas; 8 arpent was farmed by de Louis Couillart de Lespinay,
Joseph Guion farming 5 arpent, Francois Herbert alias Le Comte de Roussy farmed 3 arpent,
(II)-Charles Letartre (b-1657) married Marie Maheu born 1663 and also living here (I)-Mathurin Huot (b-1646) married 1671 Marie Letartre (b-1653) farming 2 arpent,
(II)-Rene Letartre (b-1627) married 1652 Louise Goulet (b-1626) farming 2 arpent,
(II)-Nicholas Roussin married Madeleine Pardis (b-1653) farming 1.7 arpent, which also included the first chapel,
North of Herbert, Letartre’s and Roussin; 8.7 arpent farmed by de Guillaume Couillart Des Chesnes,
(I)-Daniel Perron alias Suire married 1664 Louise Gargottine and his heirs farming 3 arpent,
Pierre Genfreau alias La Poussiere and his heirs farming 3 arpent and this property included the second church site,
(I)-Jacques Goulet (b-1615) married Marguerite Maillier (b-1631) farming 3, arpent,
(I)-Robert de Laberge (b-1638) married 1663 Francoise Gausse (b-1634) farming 3 arpent,
North of Perron, Gendreau, Goulet and Laberge; 12 arpent farmed by (I)-D’Olivier Le Tardif married 1637 (II)-Louis
Couillart (b-1625),
Dennis Guion farming 3.5 arpent,
Charles Godin farming 2.5 arpent,
North of Guion, Godin; (II)-Guillemette Herbert (b-1608) (E’P G. Couillart, died 1663),
(II)-Nicholas Roussin married 1668 Madeleine Pardis (b-1653) farming 3 arpent,
(I)-Jean Roussin married Madeline Gigueres and second marriage 1655 Marie Lessard farming 2 arpent,
North of Roussin’s; Francois Bissot married (II)-Marie Couillart (b-1633) (E’P Francois Bissot) second marriage
Marie 1675 Jacques de Lalande,
Guillaume Paget farming 2 arpent,
(I)-Jean Mathieu (b-1637) married 1669 Anne Dutertre (b-1654) farming 4 arpent.
At this time the colonists rarely bathe, believing a bath would cause colic, headaches and vertigo. This European tradition usually resulted in a May bath with June weddings before they started to smell too bad. The brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hid the body odor. Both male and female wore sachets of dried flowers for the same purpose. The natives bathed fairly often and couldn’t understand this strange practice of the French. Some said you could smell an European before you could see him. The savages had another custom to washing themselves before a meal, with the notion that, if they failed to do so, they would transgress rules absolutely necessary for obtaining success in hunting.
The French court was told most of the Quebec population were mainly unmarried males, many of whom interbred freely with the savages, wasting their seed among the pagans, instead of increasing the strength of the colony. Most of these Metis offspring are absorbed into the Indian population and are not recorded in the French records. This situation led to the filles du roi program of sending orphan girls, daughters of debtors, streetwalkers and runaway wives to New France. Only fifteen out of the first 150 could not find husbands and ended up in domestic service.
The first history of Canada, ‘Historia canadensis’ was published this year in Paris, France.
Maryland passed the “black code” which declared that any Negro in the colony was a slave for life by virtue of his color. This conflicted with Church doctrine that stated only pagans could be enslaved and must be released when baptized.
The Jesuit Bishop, Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency (1623-1708), established tithe to the church of Canada at 1/20 of the labor of men (cultivation of the soil), but the fur trade is naturally excluded.
The New France Colony begs France to send an army to deal with the Iroquois who now control the St. Lawrence River system. The King agrees that the Iroquois must be exterminated.
The denier tournois along with the copper double liard, the denier was one of the predominant coins in circulation in New France up to the 1660′s. The denier, although rated at 1 denier in France, circulated as a 2 denier piece in New France. The merchants saw a chance for a quick profit and imported these coins in large quantities. This resulted in an over supply prompting the government of Quebec to ban the denier altogether in 1664. The Order of the Sovereign Council which demonetized the denier allowed the double tournois to remain in circulation but reduced its value to 1 denier to curb its excessive importation. It had formally circulated at 4 deniers in New France. The liard had circulated as a 6 deniar coin and this was devalued to a 2 denier coin to discourage its excessive importation.
Parish of Beauport aka La Native de Notre Dame de Beauport is established this year
Parish of Cap de la Madeleine aka Ste. Marie Madeleine du Cal de la Madeleine is established this year
January 22: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jeanne Dodier a Filles du Roi to 1st (I)-Adrien Jolet sieur de Chansenaye: 2nd 1672 Antoine Baillarge
February: A Savage named Robert Hachel ravished a young woman whom he met on the road, due to drunkenness.
February 4: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jeanne Repoche, b-1646, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Jerome Bilodeau, b-1638
February 11: Quebec, marriage (I)-Joachine La Fleur, a Filles du Roi, to (I)-Pierre Martin, d-1711
February 26: Chateau Richer, marriage (I)-Louise Gargottin, a Filles du Roi to 1st. (I)-Daniel Perron dit Suire: 2nd January 7, 1679, L’Ange Gardien, Charles Louis Alain:
February 26: Quebec, marriage (I)-Marthe Ragot (Ragu), (1632-1693), a Filles du Roi to (I)-Louis Sampson (1638-1724)
March: The English by order of James Promptly under command of Richard Nicolls sent an army, to reduce the Dutch Colony to obedience. Thus ended the Dutch influence by the capture of New Amsterdam (New York).
March 12: King Charles II granted the territory between the St. Croix River and the Kennebec River to James, Duke of York.
April 21: Chateau Richer, marriage (I)-Jacqueline Lauvergnat, b-1637, a Filles du Roi to 1st Pierre Gaulin (1630-1677; 2nd epouse Marc Bareau
April 21: Quebec, marriage (I)-Anne Lepine, b-1637, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Francois Boucher dit Vin d’Espagne, b-1637
May 17: Quebec, birth (II)-Louise Soumande, Metis, died November 28, 1708, Quebec, daughter (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637
May 28: The Company of The West Indies, organized by Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), is created this date to exploit the resources of the French Colonial possessions. These include Acadia, Newfoundland, the mainland from north of Canada to Virginia and Florida, as far and as deep as they could extend to the interior. Besides full seigniory and proprietorship is included a monopoly on the fur trade.
June: Thirty six (36) girls (Filles du Roi) arrived in Quebec and were distributed between Quebec, Trois Rivers and Ville-Marie (Montreal). It is noteworthy that by month end, only three remained unmarried and one was seized by the Iroquois and taken captive.
June 1: Trois Rivieres, marriage (II)-Jean Masse Fafart, b-1657, died December 21, 1756, Detroit son (I)-Francois (1630-1711) and Marie Richard (1636-1696): married to (II)-Marguerite Couc (Couck), Metis daughter (I)-Pierre Coug dit Lafleur, b-1624 and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e Algonquine, sauvagesse, b-1631, died August 6, 1665 Trois Rivieres
June 5: Trois Rivers, Quebec, baptism, (III)-Marguerite Couc alias Couck, dit Lafleur, Metis, birth June 1, 1664, daughter (II)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur (1624-1690) and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (Miteouamigoukoue), an Algonquine, sauvagesse, (1631-1699); 1st married 1690 d’en Haut, likely Detroit?, (II)-Jean Fafard dit Jean Fafart dit Maconce or Macons, b-1657, died December 21, 1756, Fort Detroit, he was a voyageur and interpreter; 2nd marriage 1705 Detroit, Michel Masse..
June 7: Trois Riviers, birth (II)-Maurice Menard, son (I)-Jacques Menard dit Lafontaine, b-1629 and Catherine Fortier, b-1637: married 1692 St. Ignace, Michillimakinac, married (II)-Madeleine Couc, Metis, born 1669 daughter (I)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur b-1624 and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e, Algonquine, (1631-1699);
July 21: Quebec, marriage (I)-Anne Loiseau, b-1636, a Filles du Roi to 1st Guillaume Gendrn (1630-1687): 2nd epouse August 2, 1688, Montreal, Charles Lemoine dit Charlesville.
July 26: Quebec, marriage (I)-Marguerite Gaillard dite Duplessis, a Filles du Roi to 1st. Francois Provost (Prevost): 2nd January 12, 1671 to Louis Saucier: 3rd November 1677 to Michel Legardeau die Sanssoucy
July 26: Quebec, marriage (I)-Marguerite Gambier, b-1641, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Michel Nicolas Legardeau dit Sanssoucy, b-1636
July 26: The Sovereign Council of New France fixed the prices of commodities and stipulated that price tags be attached to goods. The cost of passage from Quebec to France is fixed at 33 livres, and the shipment of beaver skins to France at 10 livres per hundredweight.
August 15; Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Madeleine Vachon, Metis, died September 26, 1715 Beauport, daughter (I)-Paul Vachon (1630-1703) and (II)-Marguerite Langlois, Metis (1639-1697); married November 26, 1681, Beauport, Raphael Giroux
August 27: Quebec, marriage (I)-Marie Sainte Vie dite Lamotte, b-1650, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Jean Poitras, b-1639
September 8: Fort Orange was captured by Richard Nicolls and renamed Fort Albany. Richard Nicolls became governor and named New Amsterdam as New York
September 11: Montreal, birth (III)-Jean Martin Metis son (II)-Charles Martin Metis b-1648 and Catherine Dupuy (1644-1682); 2nd marriage October 6, 1683 Boucherville Marie Attanville b-1645, veuve Jean Fauconnier.
September 16: Quebec, marriage (I)-Marie Repoche, b-1636, a Filles du Roi to (I)-Julien Jamin (Jamein), (1634-1704)
October 4: Quebec birth (II)-Daniel Joseph Amiot (Amyot) Villeneuve son (I)-Mathieu Aymot Villeneuve (1628-1688) and Marie Miville (1632-1702); 1st marriage Marie Kape8apnok8e (Outaouaise) Indian; 2nd marriage 1719 Michillmachic Domitilade dit Neveu.
October 18: (I)-Louis Garnaud assisted at the L’Ange Gardien’s first mass at the home of Jean Trudel on October 18, 1664. The celebrant is Father Louis Ango Des Maizerets who arrived at Fort Quebec on September 15, 1663. The following year, the residents built a small chapel on the property of Nicholas Roussin.
October 28: Quebec, marriage (I)-Anne Gendreau (Gentreau), b-1643, a Filles du Roi, to (I)-Rene Le Duc, b-1639
October 29: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Etienne Volant de St. Claude, Metis, son (I)-Claude Volant de St. Claude, b-1636 and (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis. b-1636: married December 9, 1693 Sorel, Genevieve Le Tendre..
October 30: Quebec, marriage (I)-Francoise Huche, (1644-1699), a Filles du Roi, to (II)-Guillaume Bonhomme, d-1710
November 5, Chateau Richer, birth (II)-Marie Cordeau, Metis daughter (I)-Jean Cordeau dit Desloriers b-1636 and Catherine Latour dit Simonet Metis (1638-1678)
November 23: Kebec, marriage (I)-Claude De Mangeon, b-1644, a Filles du Roi, to (I)-Thomas Lesueur dit Lagrandeur
1665
Seventy four marriages, one hundred seventy eight births and fifty four deaths are recorded in New France. The first triplets were born in Ville-Marie (Montreal).
SOME FILLE DU ROI who arrived 1665 and entered into contract of marriage
Margaret Abraham, married Joseph-Ozanie Nadeau dit Lavigne; says his name is Lavigne’ 2rd marriage 1678 Guillaume Chartier, Guillaume;
Anne Bardet, married Jean Paulin,
Catherine Barré, married Mathurin Chaillé, Mathurin,
Mary Beauregard, married Sébastien Langelier; 2nd marriage 1682 Étienne Gélinas (Stephen)
Anne Bellesoeur, said her name was Lucas, married Nicolas Massard, Nicolas; 2nd marriage 1686 Jean (John) Lambert; 3rd marriage 1688, Jean-François Chevaudier, dit Lépine, said his name was Lepine
Joan Benard, married Pierre (Peter) Gadois,
Marie-Anne Blain, married Pierre Gervais,
Joan Bouchard, married Martin Foisy,
Madeleine Boucher, married François Blanchard, François, dit Belleville, said his name was Belleville,
Jeanne Bourgeois, married André (Andrew Coudray; 2nd marriage 1708 Pierre Glaumont dit Beauregard, said his name was Beauregard,
Anne Brandon, married Pierre Dagenais, Pierre, dit Lépine, said his name was Lepine
Anne Brunet, married Pierre (Peter) Coirier,
Marie Charrier, married Jacques Renaud,
Denise Cherfault, married Thomas Grandry dit Faverolle, said his name was Faverolles,
Marie Chevreau, b-1652, married Jean Rabouin
Claude De Chevrainville, said her name was Lafontaine, married August 12, 1665, Quebec (I)-Henri Brault, b-1640
Perrine Coirier, married Clement Guérin,
Marie-Catherine Cottin, called herself D’Arras (a illegitimate child, Jeanne b-1665), married Pierre Brunet; 2nd marriage 1685 Pierre Mandin,
Francois Cousin, Frances, married Charles Gaudreau,
Anne Couture, married Jean Moreau dit Lagrange, said his name was Lagrange
Anne Couture, b-1641, married Jean Moreau dit Lagrange
Denise Damane, married Rene Houray dit Grandmont, said his name was Grandmont,
Gabrielle Danneville, married Louis Blanchard; 2nd marriage 1684 Mathieu De Lagrange, Mathieu; 3rd marriage 1712 Hilaire Bernard, Sieur de La Rivière,
Marie Debure, b-1644, married Jean Bernard dit Hinse
Mary Debure, married Gilles Enard; 2nd marriage 1666 Jean Bernard dit Anse, said his name was Anse,
Adrienne Delastre, married Pierre (Peter) Mortrel,
Frances Desjardins, married Nicolas Droissy,
Isabella Dubreuil, married Bernard Faure,
Anne-Julienne Dumont, married Rene Dubois dit Brisebois, said his name was Brisebois
Catherine Durand, married Pierre Piché dit Lamusette, said his name was Lamusette,
Antoinette Eloy, married Mathurin Masta,
Marie-Therese Galien, married Laurent Gouin: 2nd marriage, Louis Gilbert,
Anne Girard, married Nicolas Dodelin,
Marie-Anne Guédon, married Gabriel Benoist; 2nd marriage Martin Marais dit Labarre, said his name was Labarre,
Madeleine Guerin, married Jean Julien,; 2nd marriage 1673 Pierre Boivin,
Bonne Guerrier, married Jacques Fauque; 2nd marriage 1674 Charles. Marchand,
Catherine Guyard, married Antoine Beaudry dit L’épinette,
Jacqueline Héron, (must be savage), married Jacques Galarneau; 2nd marriage 1706 Jean Picard, Jean,
Marguerite Hiardin, married Nicolas Vérieul, Nicolas dit Labécasse,
Marie Lanfillé, married Pierre Roche
Marie Langlois, married Jacques Gladu, Jacques dit Cognac
Marie-Anne Laporte, married François Genaple Sieur de Bellefonds; 2nd marriage 1711 Rene Hubert,
Marguerite Laverdure, married Maurice Crépeau,
Marie Lebon de Champfleury, marriedFrancois Bidard,
Marguerite Leclerc, married Julien Beloy dit Servigny
Suzanne Lecomte, married Francois Arsenault,
Louise Lecoutre, b-1648, married Nicolas Crevier, Louise had no point of birth recorded.
Marie Lemoine, married Jacques Duhault, Jacques dit Paris,
Marguerite Leroux, (arrivé 1665) not married 1665
Marie Lespérance, married Benoît Ponsart,
Anne Magnan, married Jean Gauvin,
Marie Magnier, married Michel Chartier, Michel; 2nd marriage 1673 Louis Jinchereau,
Jeanne De Mérinne, (arrived 1665) not married this year
Marie Mesuré, marriage Michel Montambault dit Léveillé
Antoinette Meunier, married Jacques Aubert,
Marie Meunier, married Charles Bonin,
Marie Meunier, married Michel Chrétien,
Marie Montminy, (Mont Meeny) (enfant illégitime, Julienne, 1665), married 1666 Noel Rose; 2nd marriage 1687 Francois Dumas,
Marie Morin, married Étienne Dauphin; 2nd marriage 1694, Pierre Chaignon,
Catherine Normand, married Pierre Normand dit Labrière, it would appear Catherine takes the name of husband?
Anne Pelletier dite Passavant, married Pierre Papin,
Marguerite Pelois, married Jacques Boivin dit Panse; Panse=Slave, likely a savage marriage
Francoise Pilois, b-1639, married Antoine Casse dit Lacasse
Catherine Pillat, married Pierre Charron dit Ducharme; 2nd marriage 1709 Sébastien Brisson dit Laroche
Françoise Pilois, married Antoine Cassé
Marthe Pointel, married Abel Benoît dit Laforest
Marie-Anne Poussin, Married Jean Larchevêque
Claude Prat, married Nicolas Giard dit St-Martin
Marthe Quitel, married Barthélemy Verreau dit La Bourguignon
Florimonde Rableau, married Pierre Chamard,
Marie-Catherine Renouard, married Nicolas Durand; 2nd marriage 1702, Francois Ducarreau,
Élisabeth Roy, married Pierre Paillereau,
Marguerite Roy, married Hilaire Chardonneau,
Jeanne Servignan, married Jean Ronceray dit LeBreton,
Nicole Souillard, married Louis Gaboury dit Lemajor
Perrette Vallée, married Jean Bourassa
Marie Vaublin, married Pierre Cochereau,
It becomes clear that some savages sent to France to be educated were returned under the Fille du Roi program. This gave them the opportunity to adopt a French name and birth place.
Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Jean Artaut, Metis son (I)-Pierre Artaut, Sieur de la Tour, b-1630 married 1664 Trois Rivieres, Louise Sauvagesse, b-1621
(I)-Medard Chouart Sieur Des Groseilliers (1618-1695/98) and his brother-in-law (II)-Pierre Esprit Chouart dit Radisson, Metis (1636-1710) take their plan to England to go to the Sea of the North (Hudson Bay) to harvest furs.
Trois Rivieres, birth (III)-Marie Barbe Crevier, Metis daughter (II)-Nicolas Crevier dit Bellerive Metis and Louise Leloutre, b-1648
(I)-Jeanne De Merinne a Filles du Roi arrived Quebec 1665
illégitime, Julienne Montminy (Mont Meeny) daughter Marie Montminy, (Mont Meeny) who married 1666 Noel Rose
Port Royal, Acadia, (III)-Marguerite Le Borgne b-1665 daughter (II)-Alexander La Borgne (1640-1693) and (III)-Marie La Tour b-1654; married Abraham Muis.
(III)-Jeanne de Saint Etienne de La Tour, Metis, daughter (II)-Charles (Turgis) de Saint-Etienne de La Tour (1595-1665), married 1625, Acadia, a Mi’Kmaw; married 1665 Pentagouet, Acadia d’Apprendestiguy de Martignon.
(I)- Jean-Vincent d’Abbadie de Saint Castin born June 19, 1665 d-1707 arrived Acadia June 30, 1665 with Carrignan Salieres Regiment; married 1670 Acadia to three daughters Chief Madokawando Abenaquis (1630-1696). He spent a few Months (Weeks) among the Micmac and Etchemins and obviously like what encountered. The native girls were very liberal with sex. Jean was a known young philander before later settling down about 1684 or 1685. He arrived with his man servant Renaud de Bordenave. He returned back to France but returned to Penobscot River, Acadia in 1670
The Jesuits claim that hitherto Canada has been regarded simply as Canada.
A census at the mission of the Mountain of Ville-Marie (Montreal) listed five hundred and twenty five people. The total French population of New France is 3,215. Quebec, at this time only had seventy private houses.
The New France Governor Augustin de Saffray de Mezy, d-1665 is on bad terms with the Jesuits.
Alexandre de Proville, Marquis de Tracy, d-1670, is temporary Governor of New France.
Groseilliers and Radisson, the Coureurs des Bois, after being rejected by France, New France and New England, find themselves meeting with the king of England. This encounter will lead to the formation of the Hudson Bay Company and the loss of America to the English.
Fort Saint Louis aka Fort Chambly is built on the Richelieu River (near Chambly, Quebec). It was replaced by a stone fort in 1709.
The soldiers, 350 in all, are ordered to build a fort at Lake Champlain to cut the route of the Iroquois. They, however, have no carpenters or skilled trades people to assist them. The were given very few tools. Many of the men are sickly, barefoot and without proper clothing and have too few cooking pots.
Fort Saint Louis, later renamed Fort Chambly, is built by the Carignan Salieres Regiment on the Richelieu River near Chambly, Quebec, in burned down in 1702.
This year the Dutch attacked St. John’s, Newfoundland.
About 100 canoes of Outaouax (Ojibwa) arrived from Lake Superior at Three Rivers to trade their furs. A Frenchman who traveled with them reported they had 100,000 fighting men. They had more than 100 villages. He is likely referring to the whole region from the Iroquois in the east to the Nadouessioux (Dakota) to the west, south to the Illinois and north to the Bay of the north. These Nations visit to trade with the Ojibwa of Lake Superior at both Sault Ste Marie and La Pointe.
Parish of Cap St Ignacet aka St. Ignace du Cap St. Ignace is established this year
February 1: Cap St. Ignace, birth (III)-Jean Cote, Metis, died November 3, 1687 son (II)-Louis Cote d-1669 and (II)-Elizabeth Langlois, Metis b-1645: married January 8, 1691 Cap St. Ignace, Genevieve Bernier..
March 19: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Fournier, Metis daughter (I)-Guillaume Fournier, (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis b-1637: married 1687, Quebec, Marie LeRoy.
March 22: Sillery, birth (III)-Joseph Pelletier Metis son (II)-Francois Pelletier (1635-1688) Metis, and (II)-Marguerite Madeleine Morisseau.
March 23: The French King divided the responsibilities of New France between the Intendant and the Governor. The new Governor is (I)-Daniel de Remy, Sieur de Courcelle (1665-1672/98). The Royal Governors term is September 12, 1665 to September 12, 1672. They say he arrived ‘breathing nothing but war’, determined to destroy the Iroquois. He quarreled frequently with (I)-Jean Talon, Intendant. The Intendant handles civil matters and the Governor handles military affairs.
March 23: (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694) is appointed Intendant to New France (September 23, 1665-October 22, 1668) and the new Viceroy de Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, d-1670, arrives in Fort Quebec. Intendant (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694) issued a decree that forbade all bachelors to leave the colony for hunting, fishing or furs until all the ‘filles du Roi’ from France were married. It is noteworthy that Talon never married himself, yet orders others to marry. About 150 ‘filles du Roi’ arrive each year. The French Minister of Marine, Jean Baptiste Colbert, established the King’s dowry to encourage migration to New France.
April 13: Quebec, birth (III)-Marie Miville. Metis, daughter, (II)-Francois Miville and (II)-Marie Langlois, Metis (1636-1687; married November 12, 1684 Michel Gosselin.
April 28: Quebec, birth (III)-Genevieve Pinguet, Metis, died December 23, 1702, Quebec, daughter (II)-Pierre Pinguet dit La Glardiere (1630-1704) and (II)-Anne Chevalier, Metis; married January 19, 1682, Quebec (I)-Pierre Gatien.
May 6: Jacques Leneuf de La Potherie (1606-1685), the Governor of Trois Rivieres, acted as interim Governor of New France from May 6, 1665 to September 12, 1665.
May 10: Quebec, birth Guillaume Chevalier, Metis, son Rene Chevalier (1626-1679) and (II)-Jeanne Langlois, Metis b-1643, Quebec: married February 3, 1689, Beauport, Jeanne Gauthier.
June 3: Quebec, birth (II)-Therese Prevost, Metis, died May 20, 1743, Beauport, daughter (I)-Martin Prevost, (1611-1691) and Marie Oliver Sylvestre, Sauvagesse, (1626-1665): married August 18, 1683, Beauport, Michel Giroux.
June 17 & 19: Two ships arrived Kebek (Quebec) from La Rochelle, France with four Companies of the Carignan Salieres Regiment. All the soldiers arrived in good health.
June 30: Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, d-1670, arrived in Quebec with the Carignan Salieres Regiment, with 100 French officers arriving in 4 ships which included 1,000 to 1,100 of Frances best. These French veterans of wars with the Turks were shipped by Marquis de Troy to put down the Iroquois rebels. Their commander is Heri de Chastelard de Salieres. The Jesuits told the soldiers that this was a holy war against the Iroquois. The soldiers, however, are poorly equipped for service in Canada. The regiment built the following forts this year: Fort Sorel on the site of Fort Richelieu; Fort Saint Louis on the Richelieu River directly east of Ville-Marie (Montreal); Fort Sainte Therese on the Richelieu River; Fort Sainte Anne at the north end of Lake Champlain; and Fort Saint Jean on the Richelieu River. A road was built between Ville-Marie (Montreal) and Chambly.
July 1: illegitimate birth Jeanne Cottin, baptized May 21, 1666 at Chateau-Richer daughter Marie Cathherine Cotton, , called herself D’Arras b-1651 a Filles du Roi (a Kings Daughter) and unknown father, Marie married January 1, 1666, Quebec, Pierre Brunet; marriage June 30, 1683 Trois-Rivieres, (I)-Jacques Godfroy b-1653.
July 16: Twelve horses from Havre, France arrived and the Savages called them the moose of France. The ship also brought 8 girls and others.
July 16: King Louise XIV of France shipped 21 mares and 2 stallions from the Royal stables to New France. This is the source of the Quebec hardy black horses, later called the French Canadian or Canadian breed, still prized by many Quebec farmers. Others suggest only twelve horses are brought to Quebec at this time, the first since Montmagny time. The shipment of 2 stallions and 20 mares to the colony and 8 of the mares having perished on the journey.
August 6: About 400 Outawak (Ottawa) arrived with furs to trade at Kebec (Quebec).
August 6: Trois Rivieres, death, (II)-Pierre Couc, Metis son (I)-Pierre Coug dit Lafleur, b-1624 and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e Algonquine, sauvagesse, b-1631, died August 6, 1665 Trois Rivieres
August 7: Father (I)-Claude Jean Allouez (1613-1689) returned with the Outawak, and then set out for Lac Tracy (Lake Superior) region. He followed the trail of trader Jean Nicolet to Green Bay.
August 11: Quebec, marriage (I)-Madeleine Carbonnet, (1642-1711), a Filles du Roi, to (II)-Etienne Sedilot dit Desnoyers, d-1688
August 18-19: Two more vessels arrived with 4 more companies of soldiers including Monsieur de Salieres, colonel of the regiment.
September 12: Eight more companies of soldiers arrived from France. Monsieur de Courcelles, lieutenant general arrived this contingent. At the same time, ships came filled with over four hundred settlers, mechanics and girls of marriageable age to provide wives for those who lacked them. The officers of the Carignan Salieres Regiment had the first choice of the filles du roi (Kings Girls). Ships also contained livestock and all manner of supplies. The final ships arrived in September, being one hundred and seventeen days at sea. Twenty men died as soon as they set foot on shore. One hundred fell so ill they were in hospital. In all, more than two thousand people arrived this summer.
September 19: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Pierre Paul Cloutier, Metis, died September 25, 1665, Chateau Richer, son (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699);
September 23: (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694) was Intendant of New France from September 12, 1665 to 1668. His official title said he was Intendant of justice, police, and finance “in Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland.” He is to assist at the Councils of War and, in the absence of the Governor General and the Governor, will preside over the Sovereign Council. The Jesuits have interfered with temporal authority in the past, and Talon is commanded to ensure the Jesuit stay to Episcopal functions and to maintain a just balance between the two authorities without disclosing his motives. Intendant (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694), Viceroy de Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, d-1670, and Governor Sieur de Courcelle (1665-1672) came to agreement with the Jesuit Bishop, Father (I)- Francois Xavier de Laval Montmorency, (1623-1708) that church tithe shall be 1/26 on grains only and payable to the parish priest. This formally established all parish priests as tax collectors.
September 25: Quebec, marriage (I)-Marie Madeleine Boutet (1644-1703), a Filles du Roi, to (I)-(II)-Rene Gervis Bisson, b-1637
September 28: (II)-Francois Garnaud is born on September 28, 1665 at L’Ange Gardien son (I)-Louis Garnaud and (I)-Marie Mazoue. His baptism is at Chateau Richer, as there is no church at L’Ange Gardien at this time. It is noteworthy that early settlers to New France excluded Jews and Protestants. If there was any doubt as to religion, the Bishop of Quebec had to reiterate their baptismal and communion vows.
September 29: (II)-Germain Morin (1642-1702) is ordained a priest; the first Canadian born.
October 2: A ship arrived from Normandy, France with 82 girls and women. Fifty of the girls were from charitable institutions in Paris. The ship also brought 130 laboring men.
October 4: Quebec birth (II)-Daniel Joseph Amiot (Amyot) Villeneuve son (I)-Mathieu Aymot Villeneuve (1628-1688) and Marie Miville (1632-1702); 1st marriage September 2, 1709, Montreal, Marie Kape8apnok8e (Kapiouaphokoue) (Outaouaise) Indian b-1665; 2nd marriage 1719 Michillmachic Domitilade dit Neveu.
October 5: Quebec, birth (III)-Daniel Joseph Amiot (Amyot) Villeneuve died December 19, 1688 son (II)-Mathieu dit Villeneuve Amyot and Marie Miville; married Marie Kape8apnok8e (Outaouaise).
October 12: Quebec, marriage (I)-Francoise Desjardins, a Filles du Roi to Nicolas Droissy.
October 15: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jacques Galarneau b-1642 to (I)-Jacqueline Heron b-1645, France, epouse May 9, 1706 Ville-Marie (Montreal), Jean Picard. Tanguay suggests Heron = Huron but Johan suggests Heron was a family name in France and that she was born in France.
October 19: Chateau Richer, marriage (II)-Jean Langlois dit Boisverdun, Metis (1641-1687) son (I)-Noel Langlois (1606-1634) and Francoice Grenier (Garnier) d-1665, sauvagesse; married (II)-Francoise Charlotte Belanger, epouse 1695 Thomas Rousseau..
October 19: Montreal, marriage (I)-Pierre Charron (1640-1700) to Catherine Pilliar, ou Pilet-Pillard, b-1651?, a Filles du Roi, and Metis or Indian, baptized March 30, 1646, La Rochelle, France. The mother’s name was not recorded on this document. DNA analysis ‘suggests’ she is either Indian or Metis from New France. She is likely one of the many Indian girls sent to France for education and returned under the Filles du Roi program for marriawge to New France settlers.
October 26: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jeanne Bouchard, b-1644, a Filles du Roi, to (I)-Martin Foisy, b-1689: epouse June 1689, Rene Dumas
December 13: A peace treaty with the Iroquois is made in Quebec.
1666
France made a decision not to send more colonists to New France. They thought it “would not be prudent to depopulate its kingdom to populate Canada”.
SOME FILLE DU ROI who arrived 1666 and entered into contract of marriage
Joan Barbereau, married. Jean Arrivé, who arrived, Jean, 1666
Marie-Jeanne Beaujean, married Pierre Juin,
Joan Bilodeau, married Pierre Couillard,
Margaret Cardillon, married Claude Desjardins dit Charbonnier, said his name was Charbonnier
Louise Chiasson, married Jacques Chapelain (Chaplain)
Perrine Coirier, married Clément Guérin
Marie Charlotte de Coppequesne b-1636 married Jean Gateau
Marie-Catherine Cottin, called herself D’Arras b-1651 (illegitimate child, Jeanne n. 1665), married Pierre Brunet b-1642; 2nd marriage 1685, Pierre Mandin
Mary Debure, arrived 1665 married 1665 Gilles Enard Gilles; 2nd marriage 1666 Jean Bernard dit Anse, said his name was Anse,
Joan De Lahaye, married Philibert Chauvin,
Elizabeth Doucinet, married Jasques Bédard,
Jeanne Dufresne, married Marin Dalleray
Adrienne Grandjean, married Rene Baucher dit Sanssoucy, said his name is Sanssoucy,
Anne Lamarre, married Pierre Duquet dit Delachesnaye,
Perrine Lapierre, married Honoré Danis dit Tourangeau,; 2nd marriage 1705 Yves Lucas dit St-Venant
Élisabeth Leconte, (arrivé 1666) not married yet
Françoise Lemoine, married Pierre-René Niquet,
Anne Mabille, married Claude Salois,
Marie Martin, married Jean Vallée dit Lavallée
Mary Martin, married Jean Vallée dit Lavallée, said his name is Lavallee; 2nd marriage 1673 Jacques Charier dit Lafontaine, said his name is Lafontaine
Marie Meunier, married Jacques Hudde; 2nd marriage 1690 Jean Guillet,
Marie Montminy (Mont Meeny), (enfant illégitime, Julienne, b-1665), married Noel (Christmas) Rose b-1642; 2nd marriage 1687 François Dumas,
Marie-Geneviève Plémaret, married Antoine Renaud dit Letambour
Andrée Remondière, married Thomas Rondeau,
Marie Rémy, married Pierre Desautels dit Lapointe
Anne Rivet, married René Ouellet,
Catherine Rivet, married Pierre Duchesne dit Lapierre
Renée Rivière, married Mathurin Croiset,
Suzanne Rousselin, married Jacques Leblanc
Marie Roy, married Pierre Pérusseau,
Gillette Savard, married Pierre Filteau,
Anne Tavernier, married Robert-Charles Moussion dit Lamouche
Marguerite Ténard, married Charles Boayer,
Anne Thomas, married Claude Jodoin; 2nd marriage 1691 Pierre Godambert dit Desjardins,
Suzanne Tru, married Jean Cadou,
Catherine Varin, married Pierre Tessier,
The mission Ste. Famillie, Ile d’Orleans de la Province de Quebec is established this year.
Thirty five marriages, two hundred six births and fifty four deaths are recorded in New France.
(II)-Charles La Tour (1594-1666) dies in Acadia.
Andre Martin, Metis, b-1666, Acadia, son Pierre Martin, b-1631 and Anne Ouestnorouest dit Petitous, b-1644; (1671 census)
Birth (II)-Michelle Rate, Metis, son (I)-Jacques Rate, (1630-1690) and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, b-1645.
An ancestor of the Garneau clan, (II)-Marie Catherine Durand, is born June 4, 1666 at Cap Rouge (Sillery), New France daughter (I)-Jean Durand born 1640 and (II)-Catherine Annennontak (Huronne) born 1649. (I)-Jean Durand is the son of Louis Durand and Madeleine Malvande of Deuil, Diocese of Saints.
The first Canadian census, by (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694), showed that 11,448 arpents (1 arpent = 5/6 acre) are under cultivation, there are three thousand one hundred and seven heads of cattle and eight five sheep in all of New France.
Quebec 555
Beaupre 678
Beauport 172
Ile d’Orleans 471
St. Jean, St. Francois and St. Michel 156
Sillery 217
Notre Dame des Anges and the St. Charles River 118
Cote de Lauzon 6
Ville-Marie (Montreal) 584
Three Rivers 461
Total 3,418
Others suggest the population count was 3,215; 2,034 men, 1,181 women and 528 married couples. It is not known if the 1,200 to 2,500 soldiers are included or excluded from the count.
The Jesuits considered this year as a continuous series of wars with the Iroquois Nation.
King Louis XIV of France restored the fur trade to the inhabitants but they were required to pay a royalty to the Company of The West Indies.
Parish of Charlesbourge aka St. Charles Borromee co de Quebec St. Charles de Charlesbourg is established this year
The parish L’Ange Gardien aka L’Ange Gardien co de Montmorency is established this year.
The parish Sorel aka St. Sillery Pierre de Sorel is established this year.
The parish Ste Famille L.O. aka Ste Famille de I’lle d’Orleans is established this year.
January 6: Montreal, birth (III)-Catherine Martin Metis daughter (II)-Charles Martin Metis b-1648 and Catherine Dupuy (1644-1682); 2nd marriage October 6, 1683 Boucherville Marie Attanville b-1645, veuve Jean Fauconnier.
January 9: Viceroy de Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, d-1670, and Monsieur de Courcelle (1665-1672) chose January, during the coldest period, as the time to tell the soldiers to attack the Iroquois (Mohawk). They were not provided with snowshoes, axes or proper equipment. Sieurs de la Fouille, Maximin and Lobial with their men joined the army. They had 500 French soldiers and 200 Canadian home guards. They searched for a month, trying to locate an Iroquois village. Only 100 would survive, having not fought a single battle nor killed a single Iroquois. These few survivors are saved because they stumble upon an English settlement. The Governors invasion is a total disaster. Others suggest that the Mohawk ambushed the French, killing eleven men and wounding many more. The Mohawk only lost three men and had six wounded. Others suggest only 60 men died from exposure and hunger by March 17. The Jesuits claim a number of Iroquois houses were burned and a number of Iroquois were killed on this campaign. This humiliation, however resulted in the assignment on another 1,300 men to the war effort.
January 26: France or Quebec? Jacques Archambeault (1604-1688) married Marie Denot b-1606, his second or third marriage. No mention of this marriage by Tanguey, See 1620
February 7/27, Quebec, birth/death (III)-Marie Delphine Pelletier, Metis, daughter (I)-Jean Pelletier (1631-1739) and (II)-Anne Langlois, Metis, (1637-1704)
February 20: During a French assault, 6 Frenchmen fell along with 4 Iroquois and a number of Savages were taken prisoner. A young half-breed boy was among the captives. A Dutch commandant asked for the return of the half-breed to his uncle.
March 29: death Michel Guibert, b-1648, a nephew of Jean Chicot, in a brule village of Onoi8tsonnans
April 21: Quebec, birth, (II)-Marie Durand, Metis, daughter (I)-Jean Durand (1640-1671) and Annennontank, Huronne b-1649, married July 31, 1688, Mathurin Cadau et Cadot (1649-1729).
May 11: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth (II)-Nicolas Gervaise, Metis, (1666-1750), son, (I)- Jean Gervaise (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis (1621- 1699); married July 27, 1693 Pointe Aux Trembles de Ville-Marie (Montreal), (II)-Madeleine Peyet, b-1677 daughter (I)-Pierre Payet.
May 24: Quebec, birth (II)-Jeanne Soumande, Metis, died July 31, 1677, Quebec, daughter (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637
May 25: The Agniehronnons at Fort Sainte Anne, Lake Champlain killed Sieur de Trauersy and Sieur de Chusy. They took a number of prisoners. Monsieur Sorl immediately ordered 300 men to dispatch these Savages but a peace envoy met the army 20 leagues from their village with the prisoners and pleaded for peace.
May 25: A peace treaty with the Seneca in Quebec.
June 24: Quebec, birth (II)-Joseph Du Bocq, Metis son (I)-Laurent Du Bocq b-1636 and Marie Felix Arontio, Huronne, Sauvagesse.
July 12: A peace treaty with the Oneidas is reached.
August 30: Sillery, birth (III)-Marguerite Pelletier Metis daughter (II)-Francois Pelletier (1635-1688) Metis, and (II)-Marguerite Madeleine Morisseau; married May 7, 1685 Sorel Charles Boucher.
September 14: Viceroy de Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, d-1670, and Monsieur de Courcelle (1665-1672) began a second attack against the Mohawks, with 1,500 men departing Quebec.
September 18; Quebec, birth (II)-Marie Charlotte Vachon, Metis, daughter (I)-Paul Vachon (1630-1703) and (II)-Marguerite Langlois, Metis (1639-1697);
September 23: Montreal, birth (II)-Catherine Charron, Metis, daughter (I)-Pierre Charron (1640-1700) and Catherine Pilliar, ou Pilet-Pillard, b-1651?, a Filles du Roi, and Metis or Indian, of New France, baptized March 30, 1646 La Rochelle, France. DNA analysis ‘suggests’ she is either Indian or Metis from New France: married 1st. 1681 Francois Chaghon; married 2nd. 1694 Daniel Tetro..
September 28: The Agniehronnons were still defiant so Monsieur de Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, d-1670, assembled a 1,300 man army to deal with this tribe once and for all. They assembled at Fort Saint Anne, recently rebuilt by sieur de la Mothe, on an Island of Lake Champlain, about 4 leagues from the outlet.
October: The Agniehronnons retreated as the French advanced. The French therefore destroyed all their villages, corn and bean supplies. The fields were destroyed if the crops had not been harvested. This winter is the coldest and longest in 30 years and many Iroquois starved to death.
October 15: The French war army reached Mohawk territory, but the Mohawk retreated. Four Mohawk villages are put to the torch and the land was claimed for Louis XIV. New France assembles 600 French soldiers, 600 Canadian home guard and 100 Indians to march on the Iroquois. The Mohawk retreated, and four villages, containing over one hundred long houses, are burnt. This scorched earth policy, the French believed, humiliates the Iroquois Nation.
November: It is reported that ten Frenchmen drowned in Lake Champlain.
November 5: The French army returned to Quebec without engaging the Mohawk.
December 16: The Sovereign Council abolished the death penalty for selling liquor to the Savages, replacing it with fines.
1667
Seventy five marriages, two hundred twenty seven births and thirty three deaths are recorded in New France.
SOME FILLE DU ROI who arrived 1667 and entered into contract of marriage
Fleurance Asserin, (arrived 1667) not married this year
Susan Aubineau, married Mathias Campagna,
Catherine Ballié, married Pierre Bouvier,
Frances Banse, married Jacques Prou,
Barbara Baron, married Simon Chevreux dit Lataupine, said his name was Lataupine; 2nd marriage 1672, Jean Mérienne dit Lasolaye; 3rd marriage, 1691 Guillaume Duboc dit St-Godard, said his name was St. Godard,
Catherine Basset, married Pierre Bourgouin dit Bourguignon, said his name was Bourguignon
Catherine De Belleau, married Jean-Baptiste Morin, dit Debelleroche, said his name was Debelleroche
Mary Blanchard, Mary, married Mathieu Brunet dit Létang, said name was Letang; 2nd marriage 1722 Yvis-Luc Lucas dit St-Venan, said his name was St-Venan.
Jeanne-Claude De Boisandré, married Louis Lachaise; 2nd marriage 1668 Jean Létourneau,
Helen Bonneau, married Jacques Desmoulins,
Margaret Bonnefoy, said her name was Ste-Foy, married Jacques Achon, Jacques; 2nd marriage 1671, Claude Carpentier (Carroll)
Louise Bouchard, married Simon Guillory
Marie Bouet, married Martin Guérard; 2nd marriage 1676 Nicolas Groinier
Catherine Bourgeois, married René Binet,
Mary Bremaille, married Jacques Doublet dit Delisle, said his name is Delisle
Jeanne Burel, married Andre Poutré dit Lavigne, said his name was Lavigne
Jeanne-Claude De Boisandré,married Louis Lachaise; rnd marriage 1668 Jean Létourneau,
Mary De Bretigny, married Denis Leclerc dit Lécuyer, said his name was Lecuyer
Frances De Charmesnil, married Jean Gélinas, Jean, name was John Contract Gelinas,
Marie-Charlotte De Coppequesne, married Jean Gateau; 2nd marriage 1688 Jacques Brault,
Mary Charron, married Mathurin Petiot,
Joan Charton, married Jean Robin dit Lapointe, said his name was Lapointe,
Mary Chaton, married Pierre Lagarde,
Frances Conflans, b-1649, married Charles Rancin,
Marie Crépin, married Jean Fournier
Catherine De Fontenay, (arrived 1667) not married this year
Marie Devauly, b-1649 married Antoine Coderre dit Emery
Joan Denot, married André Robidou; 2nd marriage 1678 Jacques Surprenant, Jacques, dit Sanssoucy, said his namre was Sanssoucy,
LISTED AMONG THE FILLE DU ROI IN 1667 ?
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1643), married Pierre Pouillard, October 12, 1667
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1647), married Michel Verret, Michel, dit Laverdure, October 13, 1669 Michel Verret,
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1656), married 1672, Martin Marais dit Labarre, said his name was Labarre, 1672;
Possibility Marie Deschamps is a savague?
Mary Devault, married Antoine Emery dit Coderre, said he was Antony Coderre,
Mary De Limoges, married Noel Laurence,
Simone Doriant, married Jean Hébert,
Madeleine Dumortier, said her name was De Leur, married Timothée Roussel,
Suzanne Durand, married Gabriel Gibaul dit Poitevin, said his name was Poitevin
Anne-Marie Firman, (arrived 1667, departed 1667)
Jeanne Fourrier, married Jean Baillaux; 2nd married 1671 François Vanasse
Marguerite Foye b-1638, married Francois Dumas
Margaret Foy, married François Dumas
Marie Girard, (arrived 1667) not married this year
Marceline Goard, married Louis Marie dit Ste-Marie, said his name is Ste-Marie
Marie Gravois, married Philippe Étienne, said he was Philip Stephen,
Mary Grusseau, married Jean Chénier; 2nd marriage 1700 Pierre Senay dit Lapierre, said his name was Lapierre,
Marie-Jeanne Guérin, said her names is Brunet, married Antoine Dupré; 2nd marriage 1682, Louis Charrier, Louis,
Marguerite Itas, marriage Jacques Aubuchon dit Le Loyal
Anne Javelot, married Jacques Leboeuf
Marguerite Jourdain, married Bernard Delpêche dit Bélair; 2nd marriage 1689, Louis Mageau dit Maisonseule
Geneviève Laîné, married Pierre De Vanchy,
Antoinette Lamoureux, (arrivé 1667) not married this year
Louise Landry, married Pierre Content,
Marie Larteau, (arrivé 1667) not married this year
Marie Lasnon, married Pierre Feret, Pierre; 2nd marriage 1701. Pierre Ledoux dit Latreille,
Catherine Laurent, married Moïse Hilaret,
Gabrielle Lemaître, (arrivé 1667) not married this year
Marie Léonard, married René Rémy dit Champagne
Marie-Rogère Lepage, married Roch Thoéry, Sieur de L’Ormeau; 2nd marriage Jean-Baptiste Peuvret,
Jeanne Levasseur, married Barthélemy Tesson,
Catherine Marchand, married Laurent Nafrechou,
Reine Martin, (arrivé 1667) not married this year
Marie Michel, married Charles Morin,
Catherine Moitié, married Désiré Viger, Désiré; 2nd marriage Jean Poirier dit Lajeunesse
Madeleine Niel, married Étienne Charles dit Lajeunesse
Marie Madeleine Olivier, b-1642, married Thomas Rousseau,
Marie-Madeleine Ouache, (arrivé 1667) not married this year
Françoise Piéton, married André Achin dit St-André
Marie Quequejeu, married Pierre Rivault,
Marguerite Renaud, married Emmanuel Lopez dit Madère
Geneviève Rigaud, married Pierre Têtu, Sieur Dutilly
Anne Rousseau, married Pierre Jouineau,
Marie Roy, married Mathurin Thibodeau dit Lalime
Geneviève Sageot,married Antoine Adhémar, Sieur de St-Martin
Marie Sel, married Nicolas Guillemet; 2nd marriage 1701 Jean Flibot; 3rd marriage 1711, Vincent Bériau,
Louise Senécal, married Pierre Guilbault,
Catherine Topsan, married Julien Dumont dit Lafleur
Ursule-Madeleine Turbar, b-1649, married Jean Gély dit Laverdure; 2nd marriage 1689 François Hubert
Marie Varin, married René Branche; 2nd marriage 1681 Pierre Courois dit Lacroix; 3rd marriage 1684 Anicet Boyer dit Jolicoeur
Catherine Vieillot, married Jacques Dubois; 2nd marriage 1675 Pierre Guénet,
The first Canadian census recorded 3,215 non-Native inhabitants.
Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Marie Artaut, Metis daughter (I)-Pierre Artaut, Sieur de la Tour, b-1630 married 1664 Trois Rivieres, Louise Sauvagesse, b-1621; married 1680, Michel Des Rosiers
(II)-Marie Artaut, Metis, b-1667 in the country, daughter (I)-Pierre Artaut, Sieur de la Tour, b-1630 country married 1670 Louise Sauvagesse, b-1621; married 1680 Michel des Rosiers dit St. Michel.
(II)-Marie Charlotte Charron, Metis, b-1667, New France, daughter (I)-Pierre Charron (1640-1700) and Catherine Pilliar, ou Pilet-Pillard, b-1651?, a Filles du Roi, and Metis or Indian, of New France, baptized March 30, 1646 La Rochelle, France. DNA analysis ‘suggests’ she is either Indian or Metis from New France: married 1st. 1686 November 30, 1686 Boucherville, Claude Louis Le Mer: married 2nd. 1700, Raymond Vegard.
Trois Rivieres, Quebec, birth (III)-Isabelle-Elisabeth Couc dit Lafleur/Montour, dit la femme de Tichenet and La Tichenette, (aka La Chenette), Metis, daughter (II)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur (1624-1690) and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (Miteouamigoukoue), an Algonquine, sauvagesse, (1631-1699); 1st married April 30, 1684, Sorel, Richelieu, Quebec, Joachim Germano/Germaneau. of Riviere dite du Loup, son Jean Germano/Germaneau and Catherine Choury, Metis; 2nd married 1704 Pierre Tichenet, d-1706 Fort Pontchartrain (Detroit);3rd marriage 1706, Oneida Carandawana.
Trois Rivieres, birth (III)-Joseph Crevier Metis son (II)-Jean Crevier Sieur Duvernet-Duvernay, Metis b-1642 and (II)-Marguerite Hertel; married (II)-Angelique LeBoulanger, daughter (I)-Pierre LeBoulanger
Etienne Trudeau (1641-1712) married Adrienne Barbier, who arrived 1642. They had 14 children, three of who became voyageurs.
West L’Ange Gardien is du Fief de Charleville from 1677 to 1694. The settlers of this area, until 1680, starting from the Montmorency River East, are as follows:
(I)-Louis Carreau alias La Fraicheur (b-1621) married 1654 Jeanne Lerouge (b-1625) farming 2 arpent,
(II)-Francois Vesina (b-1644) married 1670 Jeanne Le Marie (b-1645) farming 4 arpent,
(I)-Louis Garnaud (b-1641) married 1663 (I)-Marie Mazoue (b-1644) farming 2 arpent,
Jean Grignon married 1645 Elizabeth Couillart farming 3 arpent,
(I)-Charles Garner (Grenier) (b-1636) married (II)-Marie Louise Vesina and second wife? (Gertrude Couillart) farming 4
arpent,
Raymond Paget alias Quercy &? (Charles Couillart des Islets) farming 6 arpent, Possible (I)-Raymond Pagets who arrived Kebec 1619.
(I)-Jacques Marette alias Lespine (b-1631) married 1660 Marie Paget (b-1648) farming 3 arpent,
(I)-Rene Brisson (b-1635) married 1665 Anne Vesina (b-1651) farming 3 arpent,
North of Marette and Brisson; Nicholas Couillart de Belleroche,
(I)-Jacques Vesina married Marie Bourbon farming 3 arpent,
(II)-Pierre Tetu Du Tilly (b-1636) married 1667 Genevieve Rigault (b-1649) farming 3 arpent,
North of Vesina and Tetu; Arrierre-Fief Maquart (Marguerite Couillart)
Pierre Maheust Des Hazards farming 2 2/3 arpent,
(I)-Jean Trudel (b-1629) married 1655 Quebec a (I)-Marguerite Thomas (b-1634) farming 2 2/3 arpent,
North of Maheust and Trudel; de Jean-Baptiste Le Gardeur (b-1635) married 1656 (II)-Marguerite Nicolet (b-1642)
(Fief Le Gardeur) farming 8 arpent,
Domain du Fief de Charleville farming 6 2/3 arpent,
(I)-Thomas Touchet (b-1626) married Susanne Ferrier (b-1618) farming 3 arpent,
North of Charleville and Touchet; Germain Le Barbier farming 7 arpent,
(I)-Laurent Gignard born 1636 married Marie Elisabeth Sorin (b-1641) farming 3 arpent,
(I)-Antoine Ossant (b-1645) married Marie Vesina farming 2 arpent,
(I)-Jean Jacquereau (b-1628) married 1663 Catherine Guilot farming 2 arpent,
North of Gignard, Ossant and Jacquereau; Arriere Fief Maquart.
The Treaty of Breda restored Acadia to France. Paris largely ignored Acadia, and Quebec’s war with the Iroquois left little time for Acadia concerns. The colonists of Port Royal expanded to establish colonies at Grand Pre, Piziquid (Windsor, Acadia ( Nova Scotia), Cobequid (Truro, Acadia ( Nova Scotia)) and Beaubassin (New Brunswick-Acadia ( Nova Scotia) border). They are living like true republicans, not acknowledging royal or judicial authority. They became a new culture of people called the Acadians. Their natural abundance freed them from daily drudgery, and outsiders considered them lazy, obstinate, ignorant (few could read or write), yet say they have great hospitality are content and practical. The Acadians would suffer for the actions of the Quebec French against the English.
Rene Robert Cavelier de La Salle (1643-1687) arrived in New France and is granted a signatory at Lachine by the Sulpicians.
The Jesuits believe the upper town of Kebek (Quebec) is of importance only on account of the churches and religious houses.
Caughnawaga across the river from Ville-Marie (Montreal) is established by Father Pierre Raffeix (1633-1724) a Jesuit, for the Onedia and some French settlers and later a group of Mohawes from New York. The settlement moved a number of times finally settling near St. Regis in 1755.
Father Pierre Raffeix (1633-1724) a Jesuit, wintered Isles Perees (Islets in the St. Lawrence, opposite Boucherville, now called Isles Communes).
(I)-Nicolas Perrot (1644-1717) formed a fur trading company.
The parish Ste Foy aka Notre Dame de Foy is established this year.
February 4: A celebration ball was held in New France for their victory over the Iroquois, even though they never engaged them in combat. The ball was reported to be the first in Canada and was given by sieur Chartier’s. The Jesuits prayed, “that it do not set a precedent.”
February 5: The mining of iron ore began at Trois Rivieres this year.
February 24: Quebec, birth (III)-Francois Miville. Metis, son, (II)-Francois Miville and (II)-Marie Langlois, Metis (1636-1687
February 28: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Jean Francois Langlois, Metis, son (II)-Jean Langlois dit Boisverdun, Metis (1641-1687) and (II)-Francoise Charlotte Belanger, epouse 1695 Thomas Rousseau: married 1692 Genevieve Rousseau.
March 7: Quebec, birth (III)-Jean Cote, Metis, died November 3, 1687 son (II)-Louis Cote d-1669 and (II)-Elizabeth Langlois, Metis b-1645:
March 27: (I)-Rene Robert Cavelier de La Salle (1643-1687) arrived at New France, having been relieved of his vows to the Society of Jesus (Jesuit) because of mental instability (moral weakness).
April: The Iroquois Nation sued for a peace that was to last for approximately twenty years. Four hundred soldiers elected to stay in New France, most settled along the Richelieu and St. Lawrence Rivers as a buffer to the Iroquois. Charlesbourg, seven kilometers north of Fort Quebec, was created by (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694), the Intendant at the time, to reduce the population pressure on Fort Quebec. Three separate communities called Bour Royal, Bourg La Reine and Bourg Talon have erected forty houses. A shrewd plan to make these new villages easy of defense, the tracts of land for individual use cut in triangle shapes. The houses built at the narrow angle where the tips of all the tracts came together for security against attack. Shipbuilding was introduced by (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694), and by 1667, the building of six ships employed three hundred and fifty men. The Viceroy de Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, d-1670, is returned to France.
April 2: King Louis XIV issued a civil code for New France and established courts.
April 16: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Pierre Cloutier, Metis, son (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699); married February 27, 1696, Chateau Richer, Jeanne Verreau
April 28: Quebec, birth (II)-Simon Fournier, Metis son (I)-Guillaume Fournier, (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis b-1637: married 1691, Catherine.
May 5, Ste Famille, birth (III)-Marie Pelletier, Metis, died November 6, 1725 Cap St. Ignace, daughter (I)-Jean Pelletier (1631-1698) and (II)-Anne Langlois, Metis, (1637-1704); 1st married May 5, 1686 Cap St. Ignace, Jacques Gerber; 2nd married November 26, 1700 Cap Ste Ignace, Mathieu Geillet
June 28: A coiner of counterfeit money is hanged in Kabek (Quebec).
July 19: Sieur Bondy, while intoxicated, was drowned near the Island of Orleans, he was buried like a dog, near the Jesuit Mill.
July 25: Chateau Richer, marriage (II)-Martin Cote, Metis, born July 12, 1639 son (I)-Jean Cote, d-1661 and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis d-1684; married (II)-Suzanne Page..
July 31: The treaty of Breda returned Acadia to the French.
August 6: Trois Rivieres, birth (II)-Pierre Couc, Metis son (I)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur b-1624, and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e, Algonquine sauvagesse (1631-1699).
August 7, Ste Family, birth (II)-Pierre Cordeau, Metis son (I)-Jean Cordeau dit Desloriers b-1636 and Catherine Latour dit Simonet Metis (1638-1678)
August 16: Quebec, birth (III)-Marie Nicole Martin Metis daughter (II)-Charles Martin Metis b-1648 and Catherine Dupuy (1644-1682); 2nd marriage October 6, 1683 Boucherville Marie Attanville b-1645, veuve Jean Fauconnier.
August 25: The French King sent 350 laboring men and 60 girls, to Kabek (Quebec), to populate the country. Horses and sheep are also provided.
August 28: Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, d-1670, military governor New France, departed for France.
September 14: Father Francois Elie is dismissed by the Jesuits, leaving under secular garb and under the name sieur de Bennecour.
September 25: A number of girls, over 80, and more than 100 workmen, 14 or 15 horses arrived in Kabek (Quebec).
October 24: Quebec, marriage Barthelemy Tesson to Jeanne Levasseur, a Kings Daughter, making her the 5th of his 6th wives 4 of whom are still in France.
October 27: One hundred and nine (109) young ladies (Filles du Roi) arrived in Quebec from Dieppe and La Rochelle; 84 from Dieppe, 25 from La Rochelle. Only 15-20 were from good families, several are real young ladies and well brought, up according to (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694). He had requested 50 from good families. The term young ladies could include girls from 12 to 30 years of age. Real young ladies must suggest less than 12 years of age? This shipment of girls arrived in poor condition, being badly fed and robbed of half their clothing. (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694) tried to charm them out of their sadness and helped them regain their vigor and plumpness. He did this to ensure early marriage and to prevent this becoming an obstacle to sending young ladies next year.
November 30: A man was hanged for having ravished a little girl, eleven years of age.
December 7: Ste Familie, birth II)-Jean Baptiste Rate, Metis, son (I)-Jacques Rate, (1630-1690) and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, b-164; married 1697 Madeleine Blouard.
1668
The mission Boucherville de la Province de Quebec is established this year. Pierre Boucher began farming this year but did not receive his Seigneury until 1672 when he built a palisade to protect the community from the Iroquois.
SOME FILLE DU ROI who arrived 1668 and entered into contract of marriage
Frances Aubé, married Michel Roy dit Châtellerault, said his name is Chatellerault
Frances Baiselat, b-1646 married Laurentr Cambin, Laurent, dit Larivière, said his name is Lariviere; 2nd marriage 1670 Pierre-Francois Marsan dit Lapierre, said name is Lapierre, married 3rd 1693 Andre Corbeil dit Tranchemontagne, said his name is Tranchemontagne, January 4, 1693
Frances Barbery, married René Dardenne,
Mary Benoit, married Pierre Favreau dit Deslauriers, said his name was Deslauriers
Louise Bercier, , married Michel Feuillon,
Lucretia Billot, (illegitimate child, Louise n. 1668), married Jean Sigouin, Jean,
Mary Boileau, married Pierre Chauvin; 2nd marriage 1669, Simon Chamberland; 3rd marriage 1690, Jean Jolin,
Françoise Boivin, married Louis Lamoureux,
Mary Bouart, married Jacques Antrade; 2nd marriage 1672 Francois Dessureaux dit Le Bourguignon and Laplante, said his name was Le Laplante; 3rd marriage 1689, Jean Boismené,
Marie Bouillon, Marie, married Alexandre (Alexander) Téchenay,
Marie Bourgeois, married Jacques Anet,
Mary Caille, married Pierre Paquet,
Silvina Carcireux, married Antoine Andrieu,
Margaret Chabert La Charière, married Jacques Dumesnil,Sieur de St-Marc
Michelle Charlier, married Massé Besnier; 2nd marrage 1684 Laurent Castel; 3rd marriage 1710 Louis Petit
Margaret Charpentier, b-1641, married René Meunier dit Laramée, said his name is Laramee; 2nd marriage John Fanie
Marie Chauvet, married Pierre Faye dit Villefagnan, said his name is Villefagnan
Frances Chevalier, married Jacques Habert,
Joan Collet, married Grégoire Simon,
Antoinette M. Companion, married Jacques Gerny,
Marie Dallon, married Pierre Bissonnet; 2nd marriage1693 Jacques Anet; 3rd marrioage1694 Pierre-Guillaume Hublé,
Mary Dalton, married Pierre Bissonnet; 2nd marriage 1693 Jacques Anet; 3rd marriage 1694, Pierre-Guillaume, Hublé,
Claude Damis, (illegitimate child, Andrew c. 1676), married Pierre Perthuis dit Lalime, said his name is Lalime
Helen Damours, married Louis Foucher dit Laforest, said his name is Laforest; 2nd 1686 marriage Isaac Lemire,
Esther Dannessé, said her name is De Longchamps, married François Couillard dit Lafontaine; 2nd marriage 1688 Pierre Janson dit Lapalme, said his name is Lapalme,
Jeanne-Claude De Boisandré, married Louis Lachaise, Louis; 2nd marriage 1686 Jean Létourneau,
Joan Déchard, married Jean Collet dit Le Picard, said his name is Le Picard
Marie De Lamarre, Marie, married Guillaume (William) Renaud,
Catherine De Lostelneau, married Charles Denis,
Marie Angelique De Portas, married Jean Lecompte,
Claude Deschalets, married Simeon Roy dit Ody, said his name was Ody
Elizabeth Deschalets, married François Paris,
Madeleine Deschalets, married Jean Giron,
Marie Deshayes, married Adrien Bétourné dit Laviolette, said his name is Laviolette,
Mary Devault, married Antoine Emery dit Coderre, said his name is Coderre
Barbara Dumont, married François Breton; 2nd marriage 1702 Raymond Courrier dit Bourdelais, said his name is Bourdelais
Hope Durosaire, married Simon Longueville,
Margaret Eloy, marriage Jean Cosset; 2nd marriage 1688 Jean Collet dit Le Picard, said his name is Le Picard,
Marie-Jeanne Fauconnier, married Antoine-Nicolas Dufresne,
Louise Faure, said her name is Planchet, b-1636, married Pierre Gagné,
Catherine Ferre, married Louis Lefebvre,
Madeleine Gaumond, married Jean Langlois; 2nd marriage 1670, Pierre François,
Marie-Jeanne Gauthier, married Gilles Masson,
Joan Groisard, married Zacharie Dupuis,
Françoise Guillin, married André Trajot; 2nd marriage 1709 Claude Robillard,
Marie Guyet, married Pierre Ledoux dit Latreille,
Jeanne Hardy, married Francois Trottain dit St-Surin,
Françoise Hébert, Married Jean Baptiste dit St-Amour; 2nd marriage Philippe Cazelier dit Laverdure,
Elisabeth Hubert, married Louis Bolduc
Marie Hué, married Jean Boesme,
Anne Julien, Married Nicolas Choquet dit Champagne
Marguerite Lamirault, married Honoré Martel dit Lamontagne
Jacqueline Langlois, b-1645, marriage Jean Mee; 2md marriage 1678 Gilles Galipeau dit Lepoitevin
Marie Langlois, married Jean Poirier dit Lajeunesse
Madeleine Larcher,married Elie Voisin,
Françoise Larchevêque, married Jean Dubuc,
Marie Lebrun, married Pierre Barbary dit Grandmaison
Anne Leclerc, married Vincent. Chrétien,
Françoise Leclerc, married Michel. Rifault,
Madeleine Leguay, married Jeqan Garnier
Catherine Leloup, married Isaac Nafrechou,
Andrée Lépine, married Claude Chasle,
Elizabeth Lequin, married Jean Gaigneur dit Laframboise; 2nd marriage 1671 , Étienne Léveillé; 3rd marriage 1688, Pierre Girard
Michelle Lesdiller, ,married Nicolas Milet dit Marandais; 2nd marriage 1685 Pierre Gilbert dit Lachasse,
Marguerite Levaigneur, married Léonard Montreau dit Francoeur
Marie Liardin, married Pierre Lancougnier dit Lacroix
Marie Major, married Antoine Roy dit Desjardins
Anne Michel, married Jacques Paviot dit Lapensée; 2nd marriage 1674, Jean Massault dit St-Martin
Jacquet Michel married Jacques Mignier dit Lagacé, said his name was Lagace,
Mary Mullois, married Pierre De St-Ours, Sieur de l’échaillon,
Marie Pasquier, said her name is Defranclieu, married Charles Couillard, Sieur des Islets et de Beaumont,
Catherine Paul, married Jean De Chambre dit Lachambre,
Mary Paviot, married Antoine Mondin,
Mary Magdalene Philip, married Pierre Tousignant dit Lapointe, said his name is Lapointe
Françoise Monvoisin, married Nicolas Gariteau; 2nd marriage 1672 Marin Gervais
Michelle Ouinville, married Nicolas Barabé; 2nd marriage 1677 Michel Lemay, Michel; third marriage 1685 Louis Montenu,
Marie-Rose Petit, married Hilaire Frappier, Hilaire; 2nd marriage 1714 François Chanluc dit Lagrange,
Marie Piton, married Jean Bergevin dit Langevin, said his name is Langevin
Anne Poitraud, married René Bruneau dit Jolicoeur, said his name is Jolicoeur
Catherine Relot, married Charles Badier dit Laforest, said his name is Laforest
Mary Renaud, married François Leroux dit Cardinal, said his name is Cardinal
Madeleine Rentier, known as Courcoul, married Pliver Roy, Olivier,
Margaret Robineau, married Michel Gauron dit Petitbois, said his name is Petitbois
Mary Robineau, married Jean-Pierre Forgues, dit Monrougeau, said his name is Monrougeau
Henriette Rousseau, married Étienne Pacquet,
Charlotte Roussel, married (I)-Pierre Gauthier dit Sanguingoira, said his name is Sanguingoira (1629-1703)
Marie-Marguerite Routy, married Nicolas Guillaud Sieur Delachaume,
Anne Seigneur, married Jean Besset dit Brisetout, said his name is Brisetout
Jeanne Touzé, married Jean Gazaille dit St-Germain
Marguerite Vaillant, married Jean Dania,
Louise Vaucher, marrier Jean Delguel dit Labrèche
Eighty four marriages, two hundred eleven births and thirty one deaths are recorded in New France.
Quebec birth of illegitmate Jacques Boucault, mother Jeanne Marguerite Boucault, (Tanguay puts her birth as 1661 but this must be an error), Fille du Roi. father not know, Jeanne married Louis Colombe
The king of France Louis XIV offered 150 livres to Indian girls to marry Frenchmen.
(II)-Marie Francoise Froget, Metis daughter (I)-Nicolas Froget dit Despatis, b-1620 and (II)-Madeleine Martin, Metis; married Maurice Pasquier.
Les Filles du Roi, most listed their place of birth as Paris but this was not necessarily true. Charitable institutions, where they received and housed orphans and poor girls who were the primary target sources. They were mostly orphans and came from Normandie, Aunis, Poitou, Champagn, Picardy, Orleans and Beauce. The following Alsale, Dauphine, Provence, Lauguedoc, Rousillon, Bearu, Gascory and county of Foix would not participate, however some claimed to be from some of these locations. We assume they were French but Moor, Portuguese, German and Hollandaise to name a few, were included. There was an Indian nation of Brazil or Moorish nation, born in Brazil listed as Fille du Roi. Most are orphans, some were not and some had already given birth to a child. It is likely some savages, were included who were sent to France for education and eventual marriage to Quebec Frenchmen. They argue these girls were sent to Paris, Bordeaux, Tours and La Rochelle. However deception was not uncommon. All Fille du Roi arrived Quebec but some went on to Trois-Rivieres and Montreal. City raised girls were not desired as they were considered lightheaded and lazy. Some girls were as young as 13 years. Good virtue was a perquisite but easy virtue and boisterous, rebellious nature did make it into their numbers. Only 11% of Fillies du Roi had lost both parents.
Marie de I’lncarnation, mother superior of the Ursuline convent at Quebec wrote: “From now on, we only want to ask for village girls who are as fit for work as men, experience having shown that those who are not raised [in the country] are not fit for the country.” She also wrote this year “We have Francized several young savage woman, both Huron and Algonquin, who we then married to Frenchmen and they are getting along very well together. There is one in particular who knows how to read and write perfectly, both in her native Huron and in French. No-one can tell her apart or be convinced that she was born a savage”. “For this purpose, Mgr our Prelate, has taken a great number of them, all dressed like French people and are taught to read and write as in France”.
(II)-Nicolas Volant de St. Claude, b-1668, Metis, died January 26, 1703, Quebec, son (I)-Claude Volant de St. Claude, b-1636 and (II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis. b-1636: married Marguerite Godfroy: married July 30, 1696, Quebec, Genevieve Niel
Marie Sauvagesse b-1668 a Micmac, died August 19, 1738 Ste Anne de la Pocatiere married to Francois Valo.
The King of France wants the Savages children brought up in the French manner of life, in order to civilize them. It was noted the French have as many as 15-16 children whereas the Savages have 2-3 children.
As a result of a suggestion from the Jesuit, (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694) saw to the building of the first brewery in St. Charles, a section of Fort Quebec, that could produce four thousand hogs-heads of beer annually. Father Francois Le Mercier wrote that this would force a decrease in the use of intoxicating drinks. Moreover, it will keep in the country, the money now sent to buy much liquor in France. It will use the super-abundance of grain. The population of New France is 6,282 persons.
Father Gabriel Sagard urged the Wendat toward the virtues of chastity. The Wendat asked that if chastity is such a fine thing, why did not all the French Christians practice it? Father Gabriel Sagard commenced pressure on the Intendant. This is the same priest who said Etienne Brule (1592-1632) was much addicted to women. The Intendant (I)-Jean Talon (1625-1694) responded to the clerical pressure and forbade bachelors to hunt, fish or trade with the Natives. The Jesuit, to this time had been focusing their missionary attention on the Wendat (Huron) without much success. They began their campaign against the Algonkin for the first time this year.
This year, 78 girls arrived in New France from France that included a Moor, Portuguese, German and Dutch. Many of these girls are town girls little or not at all prepared to work on the land. Some girls are drawn from the General Hospital in Paris and have a considerable inheritance. It is noteworthy that only 41% or 250 of 606 Filles du Roi marriages received a dowry granted by the King. Only 5 received 100 livres as promised, and 2 received 200 livres.
New France no longer wish to ask for only Country Girls (Filles du Roi), as capable of working as men are. Experience has shown that those who have not been raised to it are not suitable here. Therefore, Anne Gasnier (1611-1698) was chosen to go to France to screen future young ladies.
Sault Saint Louis, later called Caughnanaga, is established when Father Pierre Raffeix (1633-1724) a Jesuit, invited Ieven Oneida and Mohawk to settle on Jesuit lands across the river from the Island of Montreal. Other Indian settlements include Sillery, Cap de la Madeleine, Lorette and Saint Francois near Lac St. Pierre. The rules are strict. Drunkenness is punishable by imprisonment, forfeit of any lands held and expulsion. Daily prayers are required. The priests scrutinize every aspect of daily life. Self-flagellation, sleeping on a bed of thorns and other masochistic practices are endorsed. Frontanac claimed that the Jesuits sought to isolate and control the Indians rather than follow the Royal Policy of assimilation.
Marie de I’Incarnation, foundress of the Ursuline Order in New France (1639), wrote: “We have observed that of a hundred that have passed through our hands we have scarcely civilized one. We find docility and intelligence in these girls but, when we are least expecting it, they clamber over our walls and go off to run with their kinsmen in the woods, finding more to please them there than in all the amenities of our French house.” It is amazing that the Recollects, Jesuits and now the Ursuline have all failed in their attempts to Christianize and civilize the Savages. It is hard to believe the the French religious had not rationalized that maybe the French were neither civilized nor Christianized. The Jesuit introduced physical punishment of children, intolerance of other religious beliefs, intolerance of other cultures and were very poor in personal hygiene; only bathing once a year. They offered the French/Catholic yoke vs. freedom, they offered eternal fire and damnation vs. love and understanding. The Jesuits believed that a nomadic life was contrary to the laws of the Roman Catholic Church and incompatible with Christian life. The early Jesuits were called wa-mit-ig-oshe or men who wave a piece of wood over their heads.
Although Jean Talon, Intendant boasted that New France had produced a surplus of wheat. The poor peasants would toss manure into the St. Lawrence River than use it to fertilize their fields. They exhausted the soil by failing to practice crop rotation. The did not feed their cattle properly and instead of raising cows and sheep, they preferred to keep horses for joyriding. The potato didn’t become a staple food in Quebec until the 1800′s.
Parish of Chambly aka St. Joseph de Chambly is established this year
January 2: Quebec, birth (II)-Simon Soumande, Metis, died November 13, 1695, Quebec, son (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637
February 28: Quebec, birth (III)-Louise Pinguet, Metis, daughter (II)-Pierre Pinguet dit La Glardiere (1630-1704) and (II)-Anne Chevalier, Metis; married Gaspard Petit.
March 16: Sillery (III)-Genevieve Pelletier Metis daughter (II)-Francois Pelletier (1635-1688) Metis, and (II)-Marguerite Madeleine Morisseau; married May 14, 1690 Montreal, Jacques Desgagnes..
August 14: Montreal, birth, (II)-Louise Froget, Metis, son (I)-Nicolas Froget dit Despatis, b-1620 and (II)-Madeleine Martin, Metis; married 1691, Montreal Elizabeth Ethier
September 6: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Jean Cote, Metis, died October 5, 1668, Chateau Richer son (II)-Martin Cote, Metis, b-1639 and (II)-Suzanne Page
October 22: (I)-Claude de Boutroue d’Aubigny (1620-1680) is appointed Intendant of New France from 1668 to July 1669.
November 16: The habitants of New France abandon their farms and their families to go with the fur trade, sometimes without permission, among the Savage Nations. Many give themselves up to debauchery, living a dissolute life to the scandal of the Savages. They settle among the Savages to avoid paying their creditors. They lead the savages to trade with the English.
November 18: Ville-Marie (Montreal), birth (II)-Charles Gervaise, Metis, son, (I)- Jean Gervaise (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis (1621- 1699); married October 29, 1693, Ville-Marie (Montreal), Marie Boyer
December 1: Ste Famille, birth (III)-Charles Langlois, Metis, son (II)-Jean Langlois dit Boisverdun, Metis (1641-1687) and (II)-Francoise Charlotte Belanger, epouse 1695 Thomas Rousseau:
1669
The mission L’Ange Gardien de la Province de Quebec is established this year.
SOME FILLE DU ROI who arrived 1669 and entered into contract of marriage
Mary Allence, married Louis Tardif,
Mary Arcular, married Claude Lefebvre dit Boulanger said his name is Boulanger; 2nd marriage 1692 Pierre Lejamble
Francoise Ancelin, married Guillaume Valade dit Asselin, said his name is Asselin
Jeanne Aubert, married Jean Bisson dit Provençal; 2nd marriage 1669 Jean Bisson, said Provencal; 3rd marriage 1677 Joseph De Morache
Marie Catherin Baillon b-1645 married Jacques Miville dit Deschenes
Mary Bardou, married Mathurin Drouet dit Grandmaison, said his name is Grandmaison
Jeanne Bernard, married Jacques Thuillier dit Desvignets, said his name is Desvignets
Anne Bertault, married Robert Chartier,
Marie Bertin, said her name is Breval, married Charles Séguin; 2nd marriage Pierre Luneau,
Mary Boileau, married Pierre Chauvin: 2nd marriage 1669 Simon Chamberland,
m. m. 3: Jolin, Jean, le 4 avril, 1690 3: Jolin, John, April 4, 1690
Lucretia Billot, (illegitimate child, Louise n. 1668), married Jean Sigouin,
Mary Birard, married Pierre Pivin dit Larécompense, said his name is Larécompense
Elizabeth Blais, married Pierre Roche, Pierre; 2nd marriage Vincent Guillot,
Margaret Blaise, married Jean Paquet; 2nd marriage 1670 Isaac Harnois, Isaac,
Marie Bonheur, married Paul Inard dit Provençal, said his name is Provencal
Mary Boutard, married Pierre Bourgery,
Marie Brabant, married Jean De Lalonde dit Lespérance, said his name is Lesperance; 2nd marriage 1688 Pierre Tabault,
Catherine Bureau, married Étienne Corriveau; 2nd marriage Simon Darme
Andree Caillaud, married Denis. Thibault,
Mary Cartignier, married Germain Vanier; 2nd marriage 1685 Jacques Caillé
m. m. 3: Tessier, Marc, le 3 septembre, 1691 3: Tessier, Marc, September 3, 1691
Renee Chanfrain, married Pierre Garand
Margaret Charpentier, married Toussaint Lucas dit Lagarde, said his name is Lagarde
Joan Chartier, married Pierre Rousset dit Beaucourt, said his name is Beaucourt; 2nd marriage François Lavergne,
Margaret Chemereau, married Jean Piet dit Trempe, said his name is Trempe,
Mary Coignard, married Robert Germain
Mary Coipel, married Guillaume Fagot; 2nd marriage 1677 Claude Renard dit Deslauriers, said his name is Deslauriers,
Anne Colin, married Vincent Boissonneau dit Saintonge, said his name is Saintonge
Marie Couet, married Jean Leclerc,
Charlotte Coy, married Jean Brard dit La Reverdra, said his name is La Reverdra; 2nd marriage 1678 Pierre Brunion dit Lapierre, said his name is Lapierre
Joan Crosnier, married François Magnan,
Martinez Crosnier, married Philippe Destroismaisons dit Picard, said his name is Picard
Frances Cure, married Lucas Loiseau
Marie Dain, married François Marquet,
Mary Damois, married Léonard Faucher dit Saint-Maurice, said his name is Saint-Maurice
Catherine De Baillon, married Jacques Miville dit Deschenes, said his name is Deschenes
Mary De Lacour, married Gabriel Roger
François De Lacroix, married René Hubert
Catherine De Lahaye, married Pierre Guignard; 2nd marriage 1685 Étienne Rageat dit Le Lyonnais, said his name is Le Lyonnais; 3rd marriage 1689 Pierre Cordier
Marie-Claude Delahogue, married Jean Sédilot
Margaret Delorme, married René Chartier,
Jeanne Judith De Matras, married Charles Legardeur Sieur Devilliers,
Anne D’ Esquincourt, married Jacques Damien; 2nd marriage 1687 Maurice Olivier,
Anne DeQuain, married François Lareau,
Anne Deschamps, married Michel. Boutet dit Lépine, said his name is Lepine,
LISTED AMONG THE FILLE DU ROI IN 1667 ?
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1643), married Pierre Pouillard, October 12, 1667
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1647), married Michel Verret, Michel, dit Laverdure, October 13, 1669 Michel Verret,
Marie Deschamps, (around in 1656), married 1672, Martin Marais dit Labarre, said his name was Labarre, 1672;
Possibility Marie Deschamps is a savague?
Frances Desfosses, married Jacques Bidet dit desroussels,
Louise Desgranges, m. Delisle, Louis, le 15 octobre, 1669 Delisle, Louis
Louise Desgranges, married Louis Delisle
Marie Deshayes, married Adrien Bétourné dit Laviolette, said his name is Laviolette,
Catherine Desmarais, married François Hileret
Stephanie Desmarais, married Pierre Beaudin
Françoise Desportes, married Pierre Renaud dit Locat, said his name is Locat,
Marie-Agnes Destouches, married Charles Dompierre dit St-Martin, said his name is St. Martin; 2nd marriage 1690 François Garinet
Anne Dodin, married Jean Mouflet dit Champagne, said his name is Champagne
Ambrose Doiett, married Jacques Magnan,
Barbara Dorange, married Jacques Tardif
Catherine Doribeau, married Jacuqes Genest dit Labarre, said his name is Jacuqes Labarre
Antoinette Dumontier, married Jacques Martineau
Joan Fauvault, married Jacques Provost
Nicole Fleming, married Louis Leparc dit St-Louis, said his name is St. Louis
Mary Fleureau, married Jean Delaunay,
Marie Gaillard ou Daire, married Jean-Baptiste Perrier dit Lafleur, said his name is Lafleur; 2nd marriage 1682, Jean Sabourin,
Mary Gauthier, married Pierre Prou
Joan Leonard Genest, married Noël Cardin; 2nd marriage 1671 Pierre Loiseau,
Anne Giraud (Giraut), married 1669 (I)-Mathurin Gauthier (Gautier) (1633-1711)
Anne Godeby, married Julien Talua dit Vendamont, said his name is Vendamont
Joan Godequin, married Vincent Croteau
Anne Goiset, married André Albert dit Laroche, said his name is Laroche
Marie-Madeleine Grangeon, married Martin Richard, Marin (Marino) dit Lavallée, said his name is Lavallee
Madeleine Groleau, married François Marchand
Catherine Guichelin, married Nicolas Buteau; 2nd marriage 1708 Charles Tissiau dit St-Germain, said his name is St. Germain; 3rd marriage 1716 Jean Roy dit Lapensée, said his name is Lapensée
Marie-Madeleine Guilleboeuf, married Jean Plouf; 2nd marriage 1702 Louis Foisy,
Madeleine Guillodeau, married Jean Poitevin dit Laviolette, said his name is Laviolette
Perrette Hali, married Antoine Bordeleau dit Laforest, said his name is Laforest
Madeleine Haneton, married Joachim Reguindeau dit Joachim, said his name is Joachim Joachim
Mary Hatanville, married Robert Senate; 2nd marriage 1683 Jean Fauconnet dit Lafleur, said his name is Lafleur; 3rd marriage 1683 Charles Martin
m. m. 4. 4. César, François, dit La Gardelette, le 25 février, 1686 Caesar, Francis, told The gardelette, February 25, 1686
Perrine Hutru, married Théodore Sureau the Elder
Mary Jalais, married Jean Lauzé dit Matha, said his name is John Matha; 2nd marriage 1680 Robert Leclerc,
Mary Jodon, married André Barbeau dit Laforest, said his name is Laforest
Charlotte Joly, married Antoine Drapeau
Renee Labastille b-1649, said her name is Martin, married 1669 (I)-René Gauthier dit Larose, said his name is Larose (1626-1687)
Joan Labbe, married Jean Élie dit Breton, said his name is Breton
Denise Leclerc, married Claude Delomay; 2nd marriage 1703 Marin Dalleray
Anne Laine, married Étienne Content; 2nd marriage René Bisson dit Lépine, said his name is Lepine; 3rd marriage 1708 Marc Tessier
Charlotte Lamarche, married Jacques Lussier
Joan Lambert, married Étienne (Stephen) Bellinier dit La Ruine, said his name is La Ruine
Frances Latier, married Jean Levert
Marie Lefebvre, married Jean Delastre dit Lajeunesse, said his name is Lajeunesse
Barbara Lefebvre, said her name is Lacroix, married Mathurin Goyer dit Laviolette, said his name is Laviolette
Antoinette Legrand, married Nicolas Prunier dit Picard, said his name was Picard; 2nd marriage 1693 Thomas Neveu dit Lacroix, said his name is Lacroix
Joan Legendre, married Claude Sauvageau
Antoinette Legrand, married Nicolas Prunier dit Picard said his name is Picard; 2nd marriage 1693, Thomas Neveu dit Lacroix, said his name is Lacroix,
Nicolle Legrand, married François Noël,
Madeleine Leguay, married Jacques Larchevêque
Marie Lemaire, married Pierre Ratel,
Antoinette Lenoir, said her name is Pirois, married Jacques Leboeuf,
m. m. 2. 2. Arcouet, Jean, dit Lajeunesse, le 18 juillet, 1701 Arcouet, Jean, said Lajeunesse, July 18, 1701
François Loiseau, married Mathurin Grégoire,
Joan Magdelain, married Antoine Tapin
Joan Mansion, married Jean Cherlot dit Desmoulins, said his name is Desmoulins; 2nd marriage 1712 Vincent Tudault
Marie Marchessault, married Pierre Boutin; 2nd marriage 1670 Jean Michel,
Margaret Marshall, said her name is Dubois, married Sébastien Doison
Barbara Menard, b-1649 married Antoine Vermet (Vermette) dit Laforme, said his name is Laforme
Anne Michel, married Jacques Paviot dit Lapensée, said his name is Lapensée; 2nd marriage 1674 Jean (John) Massault dit St-Martin, said his name is Saint-Martin
Francoise Millot, married Lepicq; 2nd marriage 1688 René Mezeray dit Nopces; 3rd marriage 1697, Léonard Debord dit Lajeunesse, said his name is Lajeunesse
Charlotte Morin, married Pierre Letendre dit Laliberté, said his name is Laliberte
Mary Morin, married Noël ( Christmas) Boissel
Marguerite Navarre, married Étienne Roy (Stephen King)
Marie Madeleine Normand b-1651 married Alphonse Morin dit Valcourt
Agnes Olivier, Agnes, married Louis Sivadier
Anne Ollery, married Thomas Frérot Sieur de Lachenaye, kid brother, Thomas, Sieur de Lachenaye
Marie Pelletier, married Mathurin Renaud; 2nd marriage 1677, Pierre Canard,; 3rd marriage 1703, Jean Joubert,
Mary Pérodeau, married Georges Stems
Anne Perrault, b-1646 married Pierre Blais
Mary Petit, married Nicolas Delage, Nicolas; 2nd marriage 1686 Mathurin Thibodeau dit Lalime, said his name is Lalime,
Marie-Therese Petit, married Christophe Laurent dit Champagne, said his name is Champagne; 2nd marriage Jean Coitou dit St-Jean, said his name is St. John, 1676
Frances Pilois, married André Barsa dit Lafleur, said his name is Lafleur
Mary Poire, married Jean Hardy
Catherine Poitevin, married Adrien Isabel; 2nd marriage 1676 Jean Bourassa,
Margaret Prevost, married Martin (Fish) Poisson, Martin,
Marie Prevost, married François Bruneau,; 2nd marriage 1681 Jean Chauvet dit Lagerne, said his name is Lagern
Mary Priault, married Pierre Geoffrion
Anne-Michelle Renaud, married Jean Laspron dit Lacharité, said his name is Lacharité
Mary Renaud, married Charles Petit
Mary Richard, married Antoine Daunay
Catherine Roy, married Pierre Salvail; 2nd marriage 1669 Jean De Miray,
Nicole Saulnier, married Jean Brochu
Joan Sederay, married Pierre Picard,
Catherine Suret, b-1651 married Nicolas Fâche,
Margaret Tesson, marriage Jean-Paul Maheu,
Madeleine Tetu, married Jean Joubert,
Cecile (Cecily) Valet, married Michel Durand dit Larose, said his name is Larose
Madeleine Judith Vallée, married Jean Herpin dit Tourangeau, said his name is Tourangeau,
Catherine Verrier, married Pierre Rondeau
Margaret Vitry, married Jacques Déry dit Larose, said his name is Larose
Marie Vogue, married Louis Chiron
Quebec (I)-Renee Chanvreux, arrived Quebec, a Filles du Roi.
Father (I)-Claude Jean Allouez (1613-1689) marched southward from Green Bay into the upper Fox River to establish a mission among the Wisconsin People. He recorded this was a very attractive place of plains and open fields and only 6 days march from the Messi-Sipi River. He stayed in this mission until 1670.
The mission Laprairie de la Province de Quebec near Ville-Marie (Montreal), is established this year, as an Iroquois Mission, by Father Pierre Raffeix (1633-1724), a Jesuit. It was moved around over time and eventually settled at Kalmawake, opposite the Lachine Rapids.
Jacques Martin, Metis, b-1666, Acadia, son Pierre Martin, b-1631 and Anne Ouestnorouest dit Petitous, b-1644; (1671 census)
One hundred and twenty five marriages, two hundred eighty eight births and sixty one deaths are recorded in New France.
Trois Tivieres, Quebec, birth, (III)-Madeleine Couc dit Lafleur, Metis, daughter (II)-Pierre Couc dit Lafleur (1624-1690) and Marie Mite8ameg8k8e (Miteouamigoukoue or Mitedmeg8k8e), an Algonquine, sauvagesse, (1631-1699); married October 1681, Boucherville, (II)-Maurice Menard dit Lafontaine, born June 6, 1664 Trois Rivieres and died May 9, 1741 Chambly. Maurice was a voyager, interpreter at Fort Michilimackinac (Mackinaw City, Michigan).
Trois Rivieres, birth (III)-Louis Crevier Metis son (II)-Jean Crevier Sieur Duvernet-Duvernay, Metis b-1642 and (II)-Marguerite Hertel
(II)-Ignace Durand, Metis b-1669, died November 30, 1697, Cap St. Ignace, Quebec, son (I)-Jean Durand (1640-1671) and Catherine Annennontank, Huronne b-1649; married February 24, 1691 (II)-Marie Catherine Miville daughter (I)-Jacques Miville, epouse September 16, 1701 Quebec, Rene Beaudoin..
A complaint was filed, stating that the last shipload of girls (‘filles du Roi’) from France had arrived and, being taken from a General Hospital, were not strong enough for farm work.
An ancestor of the Garneau clan, (I)-Robert Germain, was born in 1639, married 1669 Fort Quebec, New France Marie Coignart (Courtier) born 1643.
Monsieur de Courcelle (1665-1672) is ordered to organize the male subjects by appointing Captains, Lieutenants and ensigns so that every two or three years, 1,200 well-armed soldiers can be lead into the lands of the Iroquois and also into other Indian nations to maintain them in their obedience and duties to New France.
The French Minister of Marine, Jean Baptiste Colbert, is ordered by King Louis XIV to make the clergy subordinate to the Governor of New France. About this time, Colbert banned lawyers from practicing in New France.
‘Question Extraordinaire’ (torture used to extract testimony) was used in New France at least 30 times against men and women in New France. The Maitre des Hautes Oeuvres or torture master, bound boards to the defendants shins, inserted wedges, and then struck them with a hammer, painfully crushing the bones of the accused.
The people of New France, on their own, could not call a meeting or public assembly.
The inhabitants killed six Oneidas Indians and took their firs and in the spring of 1670 three soldiers killed a Seneca Chief. To prevent an uprising the three soldier were executed.
Parish of Champlain aka Notre Dame de la Visitation de Champlain is established this year
January 13; Quebec, birth (II)-Noel Vachon, Metis, died August 12, 1699, son (I)-Paul Vachon (1630-1703) and (II)-Marguerite Langlois, Metis (1639-1697); married October 24, 1695 Beauport, Monique Girou
January 21: Marie Chauvet who married August 16, 1668, Quebec to Pierre Faye dit Vilfaghan is accused of adultery with Pierre Vivien and Etienne Le Roy and is condemned to be shaved and beaten with canes in the public square.
February 19: Ville-Marie (Montreal), marriage (II)- Jean Baptiste Gadois, b-1641, died April 15, 1728 Ville-Marie (Montreal), married (II)-Marguerite Gervaise died January 18, 1690, Ville-Marie (Montreal) daughter (I)- Jean Gervaise, procureur fiscal (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis b-1621, died July 30, 1699 Ville-Marie (Montreal); married February 19, 1669, Ville-Marie (Montreal),
April 5: King Louis XIV inaugurated the ‘baby bonus’ in New France to encourage population growth. The parents of 10 legitimate children received a pension of 300 Livres, and 12 children 400 Livres.
April 24: Quebec, birth (II)-Pierre Fournier, Metis son (I)-Guillaume Fournier, (1619-1699) and (III)-Francoise Hebert, Metis b-1637: married November 24, 1695, St. Thomas, Marie Isabelle.
April 28 (29): Francois Blanche dit Langivan of Trois Riveres killed Daniel LaMaire dit des Rochers in a duel. This was the first death as a result of dueling in New France. Francois was sentenced to death and executed on July 8, 1669 in Quebec.
May 14: (I)-Jean Talon (1624-1694) is reappointed Intendant of New France from August 18, 1669 to August 1675.
June 8: Quebec, birth (III)-Joseph Miville. Metis, son, (II)-Francois Miville and (II)-Marie Langlois, Metis (1636-1687); married June 8, 1695, Cap St. Ignace, Genevieve Caron
June 10: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Du Bocq, Metis son (I)-Laurent Du Bocq b-1636 and Marie Felix Arontio, Huronne, Sauvagesse.
July: Rene Robert Cavelier de La Salle (1643-1687) falsely claimed to speak fluent Iroquois in order to join a Sulpician expedition into Iroquois country. Upon encountering the Seneca people, he had to admit his total ignorance of their language and departed the expedition to become a Coureurs des Bois. This expedition included 14 men in five canoes plus the Sulpician Dollier de Casson with three canoes and seven recruits along with Abbe Rene de Brehan de Galinee. The expedition soon realized that La Salle, although of wealthy birth ,was totally incompetent. They wrote that he was in a daze, more or less, not knowing where he is going.
September 28, Montreal birth (II)-Jean Gauthier dit Sakingoara Saguingoira, son (I)-Pierre Gauter dit Saguingoira (1629-1703) and Marie Charlotte Roussel b-1646; married 1701 Kaskakia (Illonois) Marie Suzanne Capei8suec8a
October 7: Quebec, birth (II)-Jean Soumande, Metis, died May 22, 1716, Quebec, son (I)-Pierre Soumande (1619-1689) and (II)-Simone Cote, Metis, b-1637; married October 30, 1698,m Quebec, Anne Chapoux,
October 13: Chateau Richer, birth (III)-Francoise Cloutier, Metis, daughter (II)-Jean Cloutier, (1621-1690) and (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, (1635-1699); 1st married February, 1, 1686, Chateau Richer, Antoine Doyon; 2nd marriage November 16, 1711, Chateau Richer, Joseph Paquier.
October 26: Ville-Marie (Montreal), marriage Jean Baptiste Gadois and (II)-Marguerite Gervaise died January 18, 1690, Ville-Marie (Montreal) daughter (I)- Jean Gervaise, procureur fiscal (1621-1690), and (II)-Anne Archambault, Metis b-1621, died July 30, 1699 Ville-Marie (Montreal).
November: On the north shore of Lake Erie, (I)-Rene Robert Cavelier de La Salle (1643-1687) announced he was sick and returning to Quebec. He disappeared into the bush.
November 1: Quebec, birth, (II)-Jean Dubeau, Metis, died September 12, 1743, St. Augustin, son (I)-Laurent Dubeau, b-1636, and Marie Felix d’Arontio, Huronne, sauvahesse, d-1689: married November 22, 1703, St. Augustin, Marguerite Harnois.
December 15: Quebec, marriage (I)-Guillaume Lemieux b-1648 to (II)-Elizabeth Langlois (1645-1696) veuve 1662, Quebec, Louis Cote, daughter (I)-Noel Langlois (1606-1634) and Francoise Grenier (Garnier) d-1665. Guillaume espouse October 12, 1699 Cap St. Ignace, (III)-Louise Picard, veuve Louis Gagne.
Note:Several ManyRoads readers have questioned the accuracy of some of the Metis claims presented in this document by Mr. Garneau. Should you have evidence that you would like to present refuting the veracity and accuracy of any claims made by Mr. Garneau, which you would like us to present here, please contact us directly.
We are happy to present all relevant information here, in the interest of fairness, full disclosure and accuracy.
The following material is written by: R.D. (Dick) Garneau, who is solely responsible for its accuracy.
1620
Population of Kebec 83 French
(I)-Adrien du Chesne (Duchene), a surgeon, from Dieppe arrived Kebec this year. He remained in Kebec with his wife during the English occupation.
Pierre Antoine Pastedechouan a young Montagnais is taken to France for an education in French, Latin and is baptized.
(I)-Abraham Martin dit l’Ecossais, (1589-1664) the father of the bride, (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis (1624-1679) was one of the earliest colonists of the country. Having arrived before 1610, with his wife, he practiced the trade of royal pilot. His presence in New France, during the occupation by the Kirke brothers, between 1629 and 1632, is not unanimous with historians. Some, following Benjamin Sulte, affirm it strongly. Archange Godbout doubts it. Marcel Trudel and Rene Jette are of the opinion that, he and his family returned to France, which seems to be the case if we believe the observations held by Father Le Jeune, in 1632. (II)-Eustache Martin, Metis, b-1621 the eldest son of Abraham and his sister, Marguerite, were baptized respectively in 1621 and 1623, were the second and third children of White men born at Quebec, the first having been their cousin Helene Desportes, born in 1620, to the marriage of Pierre Desportes and Francoise Langlois. See 1609 – 1610 & 1624.
Guers a commission agent of the Duke Montmorency is in Kebec.
Kebec, baptism (II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis (1604-1639) son (I)-Louis Hebert, Metis (1575-1727) and (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649; married October 1, 1634, Kebec, Helene Desportes .
(I)-Oliver Tardif dit LeTardif, b-1601, died January 28, 1665, Chateau Richer was in the employ of Samuel de Champlain as interpreter to the Huron Nation. Tardif joined forces with Roch Manitouabewich of the Huron Nation as a guide, scout and traveling companion. Roch and his Huron wife later had a child who they named Marie Oliver Sylvestre, b-1626 in honor of Tardif. Tardif adopted the girl so she could receive a Christian education and at 10 years of age, in 1636 was placed with the family of (I)-Guillaume Hubou, d-1653, and Marie Rollet,d-1649, epouse (I)-Louis Herbert.
(I)-Noel Morin aka Morini (1609-1679) (Morini means brown of skin) arrived Kebec 1619 or 1620, married December 27, 1639, Quebec (II)-Helene Desportes (1620-1675) daughter (I)-Pierre Desportes and Francois Langlois.
Most Frenchmen who took Indian wives, this century in New France, did so a la facon du pays (according to Indian customs), regardless of French marriage laws and customs. Unfortunately most were not recorded or their Metis offspring.
The pirates dominated the coast of New France from 1612 to 1620, having stole 40,800 L and 1,080 fur traders and fishermen who were sold into slavery. This is astonishing considering Kebec only has 60-67 colonists at this time. The Hurons are supplying 50-60% of the French furs, and their other major industry for trade is agriculture.
John Nutt of England with his wife and family lived at Torby, Newfoundland. He captured a French fishing boat and became a pirate 1620 to 1623 and then captured two more French ships.
(I)-Jacques Archambault (venu de France avec sa famille) b-1604, died February 15, 1688, Montreal. married 1629 France, Francoise Toureau, sauvageese, b-1600, died December 9, 1663 Montreal. Some suggest Jacques Archambault married January 24, 1629, France, Francois Toureau, b-1600 France, died December 1663. Others suggest he married Francoise Chanveau b-1599 on January 24, 1629 in France. Others suggest 1st married, January 24, 1620, France, Francois Toureau (Touraude) daughter Francois Toueaude and Marthe Noel; 2nd marriage, June 6, 1666, Trois River, Marie Denote. The children attributed to Jacques and Francoise are Anne b-1621, likely Metis, Marie (I), b-1636, Louise, b-1640, Laurent, b-1642, and Marie (2), b-1644. It is reported that Jacques, Francoise and family arrived Quebec 1645. Also see Tanguay for Francois Toureau. As I see it there are three possibilities, 1. Tanguay made an error, 2. There are two Jacques Archambault in New France, 3. Jacques was in New France in 1620 and returned to France then returned to New France in 1645 and had 3 marriages one a country marriage to a sauvageese in 1620. This may account for one child born 1621 and the next child born 1636. It’s possible (I)-Denis Archambault died, August 25, 1651, Montreal, when a canon exploded, and he might be mixed up in this genealogy? Why would Tanguay post this under 1620 and say he came with his family, he had no family at this time? Every time I look at this it gets more messed up. Some say the Archambault family arrived New France, 1656, others say August 5, 1645 and others September 23, 1646. My best guess is we are dealing with more than one Jacques Archambault. The (OMFR) Ontario Metis Family Records identified Francois Toureau (1559-1663) as aboriginal.
The PRDH and Fischer Original, state the family all came from De Lardillière À Dompierre-Sur-Mer, Aunis, France, and Notary Adhemar reports their birth place as France, also.
SHARLENE BELL-HAUSSMANN says:
The first child I have is Jacques born c1629, (no other mention of him, so may have died in France) then Denis born 1630 then Anne I. the last child, of nine, is Marie II born 1644 in France.
Anne Archambault I – Born 1631 France.
ADHÉMAR — Fiche biographique
Archambault I, Anne
Informations générales
Sexe féminin
Naissance 1631/01/01 (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Lardillière)
Décès 1699/07/29 (Montréal)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
inconnue 1678/07/16 1699/07/28 administration civile
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l’union Fin de l’union
Chauvin dit Sainte-Suzanne, Michel 1647/07/29 1650/09/30
Gervaise, Jean 1654/02/03 1690/03/11
Laurent Archambault
ADHÉMAR — Fiche biographique
Archambault, Laurent
Informations générales
Sexe masculin
Naissance 1642/01/10 (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Lardillière)
Décès 1730/04/19 (Pointe-aux-Trembles)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
cultivateur et charpentier 1672/03/03 1693/03/24 agriculture-grande
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l’union Fin de l’union
Marchand, Catherine 1660/01/07 1713/02/24
Marie Archambault I
ADHÉMAR — Fiche biographique
Archambault I, Marie
Informations générales
Sexe féminin
Naissance 1636/02/24 (Dompierre-sur-Mer)
Décès 1719/08/16 (Pointe-aux-Trembles)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
inconnue 1668/04/26 1702/01/21 agriculture-grande
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l’union Fin de l’union
Tessier dit Lavigne, UrbainI_ 1648/09/28 1689/03/20
Port La Tour, Acadia, birth Andre Lasner, Metis son Louis Lasnier of Dieppe and Indian woman. Some believe this is the first recorded Metis birth in North America.
(II)-Anne Herbert, died Kebec, 1620, daughter, (I)-Louis Herbert, born 1575, died January 25, 1627, and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649); was married to (I)-Etienne Jonquit.
There is only sixty-seven official colonists, including women and children, in Fort Kebec (Quebec) at this time. Included are four French Recollects that are an offshoot of the Franciscan. The Franciscan or Minoritie are an old order, being established in 1223. The Franciscans are not popular with the Curia, as they demanded absolute poverty to awaken popular piety and scientific works. The Franciscan established themselves at St. Charles River. These first priests are Father’s Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632), Jean D’Olbeau, Dennis Jamey and Pacifique du Plessis. Father Jean D’Olbeau said the first mass in New France, then removed himself to the Tadoussac Trading Post. Carbon attached himself to the Wendat Nation. This would imply that 15 colonists either died, returned to France or are in the country as free traders?
Kabec begins to fortify their fort.
The free fur traders established a trading post called Palace Royal at Hochelaga (Ville-Marie Montreal). The Catholic Priests would later consider these free traders as having the instincts and morals of pirates. They would call them Coureurs des Bois. The priests would come to believe that free thinking and free trading pose a considerable threat to the fur trade and religious monopoly. Their thinking is consistent with the rising French philosophy of absolutism; one King, one Religion. Because of this absolutism belief, the Church historians largely ignore the contribution of the early Coureurs des Bois in opening up the continent. Unfortunately, they had to glorify some lesser men or claim the glory for themselves. Meanwhile, the Wendat (Huron) are building upon their farming and trading empire and are the major merchant center in New France. They would supply New France with beans and corn. Later tobacco would become a major trade item.
Few European women survived in New England, and the Company of Virginia undertook the recruitment of young and uncorrupted maids for Jamestown. The population of Jamestown, Virginia drops from 1,000 to 866 due to death or abandonment. The English Puritans who seceded from the Church of England exiled in the Netherlands, obtained patent for a settlement near the Hudson River in Southern Virginia. The Mayflower arrived on November 9, 1620 at Cape Cod (Provincetown) harbor. This location is outside Virginia, making their patent useless, so they claimed their own liberty, as none had the power to command them. They established a civil body politic, claiming submission and obedience to just and equal laws. They relocated to Plymouth on December 16 and, by spring, 52 of the 102 died. The Wampanoag Indians showed them how to plant and cultivate corn. They eventually would trade corn for beaver pelts.
(I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne (1598-1642) lived among the Algonquians of Allumette Island on the Ottawa River and Nipissing until 1620-1621. He spent the next 8-9 years(1622-1630/31) with the Algonquin Nipissiriniens at Lake Nipissing.. The French called the Nipissings the Nation des Sorciers. He traveled Green Bay and the Fox and Illinois Rivers. He had his own cabin which likely suggests he had a family. He married likely about 1622-1630) a Nipissing woman b-1610 and had a daughter Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet. Metis, born 1623-1631) and a 2nd marriage October 7, 1737, Kebec, (II)-Marguerite Couillard, Metis, b-1626
Father Joseph de la Roche, a Recollect, became a missionary to Kebec.
The Company of de Caen is created led by the De Caens, Guillaume Robin, Jacques de Troyes and Francois Herve, merchants; Francois de Troyes, chief of Royal Finances at Orleans, Claude le Ragois, receiver general of finance at Limoges; Pierre de Verton, counselor secretary of the King and others.
The first fort to occupy the top of the cliff at Quebec City was the one (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) constructed in 1620. It consisted of a few wooden buildings surrounded by a palisade.
New France begins formal registration of births, marriages and deaths at Kebec. Country marriages are not acknowledged.
The Recollets built a convent and chapel in 1620-1621 on St. Charles River, about one half a French league from Fort Kebec. They named it Notre Dame des Anges (on the site of the future General Hospital).
February 25: (I)-Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), is appointed Viceroy of New France, and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is confirmed as his lieutenant. He began construction of Fort Saint Louis on the cliff at Fort Kebec (Quebec). Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France, had bought Prince de Conde’s interests, and he established Compagne de Montmorency for la Nouvelle France that gave a trade monopoly to Guillaume William de Caen, a merchant, and Calvinist and his cousin Emary, a naval Captain. He had an eleven-year trade monopoly that required he established six Recollects at Kebec and settle six French families per year. He is told to not annoy the Fathers or any of the Orthodox Christians. The Company of De Caen included Guillaume Robin, Jacques De Troyes, Francois Herve, Francois De Troyes, Claude Le Ragois, Pierre De Verton and others.
May 8: (I)-Helene Boulle born 1598 and married 1610 to (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived at Kebec with her husband and four women servants.
June 3: The Recollets laid the cornerstone of the first stone church and convent in Kebec, Notre Dame des Anges on the St. Charles river, about 1/2 league from Fort of Kebec.
July 20, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), an employee of The Company of De Caen, arrived in Kebec and began construction of Fort Saint Louis on Cap aux Diamants, on the cliff at Kebec.
August 30: family arrived Quebec, (I)-Abraham Martin, dit I’ecossois (1589-1664) a Scotsman, with 2nd wife Marguerite Langlois b-1611 he married this year in France, (not likely see 1609 – 1610 & 1624) her sister (I)-Francoise Langlois b-1600 who married December 31, 1620, France, (I)-Pierre Desportes, b-1600 and daughter (II)-Anne Martin. It is noteworthy that the Plains of Abraham is named after Martin. (I)- Pierre Desportes, b-1600 married December 31, 1620, France (I)- Francoise Langlois (1599-1629). This appears highly unlikely as Francoise was already in Kebec. Others suggest Martin & Desportes arrived Kebec in 1619 or 1620. Some suggest both families stayed in Kebec during the English occupation, while others say they were deported. It is noteworthy that (II)-Helene Desportes (1620-1675) daughter (I)-Pierre Desportes and (I)-Francois Langlois arrived this date, this year so it not likely they were married in December this year in France. This conflicting information could suggest Francois might be Indian or Metis?? Some suggest Tanguay made an error and (II)-Helene Desportes was b-1601?
August 30: Kebec (II)-Anne Martin (1614-1684) arrived with father (I)-Abraham Martin, a Frenchman and stepmother Marguerite Langlois, a shipmate aboard the Le Sallemande. Her biological mother was Guillemette Couillard. Anne married 1636 Kebec, Jean Cote d-1661, who arrived Kebec July 20, 1635.
November 8: Henri, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Viceroy of New France, bought the Prince de Conde’s commercial interests and established the Compagnie de Montmorency pour la Nouvelle France which gave a monopoly to Guillaume de Caen and his cousin Emery.
December: Gape Cod, the colonists discovered a corpse with blond hair and assumed he was from a French shipwreck a few years earlier.
1621
Population of Kebec 85 French + 1 marriage + 1 birth
George Baltimore established a colony in Placentia Bay (Avalon), Newfoundland but was abandon in 1629.
(I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1658), a physician arrived and stayed Kebec until 1627 and had his own cabin in the woods. Others say he was in Kebec (1627-1629). see 1628 re, attempt to marry Indian girl.
(I)-Jacques Alard, Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Kebec this year.
(II)-Anne Archambault, Metis b-1621, died July 30, 1699 Montreal, daughter (I)-Jacques Archambault (1604-1688), and Francloise Toureau, sauvageese, (1600-1663); married February 3, 1654, Jean Gervaise. Not listed as a family in 1629 in Kebec.
(I)-Rounier arried Kebec from Duponf
(I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) is in Georgian Bay this year.
(I)-Emery de Caen arrived Kebec this year and visited Kebec every year. He was provisional governor during Champlain absence and (1632-1633)
(I)-Jacques Alard Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Quebec 1621 and is at Tadoussac in 1624.
(II)-Radegonde Joy Lambert b-1621/1629 (Metis). d-1686, daughter (I)-Jean Antoine Lambert and Marie Radegonde Kagijonais a MicMac; married about 1642 Port Royal toJean Blanchard b-1611
(I)-Greffler Nicolas is at Kebec this year
(I)-Pierre Roy is living Kebec this year.
The mission Quebec de la Province de Quebec is established this year.
The Parish registers of New France contain about 300,000 entries describing all Catholic baptisms, weddings and funerals from 1621 to 1760 with very few missing records. The main reason was to guard against bigamy and consanguineous marriages. All French Canadians can trace their ancestors to some 10,000 French settlers. Only 27,000 Frenchmen came to Canada but 2/3rds returned to France, leaving no recorded descendents. The British, in the same period, would send over one million to America. Unfortunately, many of the mixed blood children would go unreported.
(I)-Abraham Martin’s wife Marguerite Langlois, Metis, b-1611 (not likely see 1609 – 1610 & 1624) had the first (5th known) European child born in New France named (II)-Eustache Martin. The first known children were born 1610, 1611, 1619 and 1621 Kebec. The Metis children born New France are not considered European. This, of course, excludes the Viking, Basque, Spanish, Chinese and other previously born aliens, to say nothing of the mixed blood children. The Europeans, as a culture, is driven by a masochistic fetish to be recognized as the first to see or do in hopes of being recorded in history. This cultural inferiority complex appears very deeply rooted.
Jamestown, Virginia population stands at 843, down 23 from last year, even given the the influx of 1051 settlers this year. It is interesting to note that England began to diversify the Virginia economy by purchasing vines and olive trees from France for the colonies. France had no such self-sufficient policies for her colonies.
January 3: Henri, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Viceroy of New France, named Guillaume de Caen, General of the Fleet of the new company known as the Compagnie de Caen. The company gained an 11 year monopoly of trade in the St. Lawrence River valley. The had to maintain six Recollet priests at Kebec, settle six families per year and not trade in arms with the savages.
June 3: The Dutch West India Company is created this year, as successor to the United New Netherlands Company chartered in October 11, 1614, and is trading guns to the Iroquois.
August 16: (I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) signed a petition in Kebec to settle company disputes by Royal authority.
August 26: Kebec, marriage (II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis b-1606, died October 20, 1684, Quebec, daughter (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1727) and (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649; married August 26, 1621, Kebec, Guillaume Couillard (see 1602)
August 26: Kebec, marriage (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) who some say preceded the Herbert’s to Kebec. married (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert,Metis, (1606-1684), daughter of (I)-Louis Herbert, born 1575 died January 25, 1627 and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649) (some suggest she died May 27, 1619). It is believed Couillard is the second recorded marriage in Kebec.(see 1602)
September 10: King James I of Great Britain ignored the French Acadian claims and granted Acadia ( Nova Scotia), New Brunswick and Cape Gaspe to the St. Croix River in fact all of Canada to (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640); a Scott. Alexander had convinced the King that he needed a New Scotlande comparable to New France, New Holland and New England. (I)-Alexander was made Lord Proprietor of the new territory, Acadia, to be called Nova Scotia. Alexander was to setup a colony called New Scotlande. (I)-Alexander however was unable to establish a settlement in the next six years. The term New Scotlande in Latin reads Nova Scotia.
October 24: Kebec, birth (II)-Eustache Martin, Metis, b-1621, Kebec, son of (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais, b-1589, died September 8, 1664, Quebec and possibly a Matchonon (Huron) Savage and or Marguerite Langlois, Metis b-1611; See 1609 – 1610 & 1624.
1622
Population of Kebec 69 French + 16 Huron
(I)-Le Baillif, a native of Amiens, France arrived Tadoussuc. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) claimed he was a vicious man.
(I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1632) and Grenolle met with the Ojibwa at Sault Ste Marie.
Guillaume Poulin, the Recollect, reached the Nipissing and encountered the Iroquois, suffering torture at their hands.
The Virginia Company allowed any Englishman who agreed to take 250 people to Virginia at his own expense, to choose a tract of land in the colony, of 1,250 acres or more. He would be given the powers of local self-government. Unfortunately, they didn’t negotiate the land acquisition with the inhabiting Indians. Powhatan, the brother of Pocahontas, died, and his brother, Opechancanough, resented the steady encroachment of the English on their cornfields. The Indians attacked the English, killing 347 colonists in Virginia.
A settlement is begun at Piscataquia (Kittery Point, Maine) and Monhegan Island, Maine.
March 20: Louis XIII merged the Compagne de Montmorency and the older Compagne des Matchands de Rouen and de Saint Malo, under the direction of the William de Caens- a Calvinist.
June: (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) sent colonists from Scotland to Acadia ( Nova Scotia), but they wintered at St. John’s, Newfoundland.
1623
Population of Kebec 36 French + 16 Huron
(I)-Etienne Brule an intermediary for the Hurons and French since 1611 came to Kebec with Desmaris. Etienne was given over to the English, he was killed and eaten by the Hurons.
(I)-Jean Le Cocq was killed by a block at Kebec.
(I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is granted more land at Kebec. He was granted 10 acres in 1616.
(II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) 1st married an Micmac Indian Woman and they had 3 Metis daughters and one Metis son. One daughter Antoinette became an Ursuline nun. He had a second marriage to Francois Jacquelin to improve his standing in France she was more of a business partner. He was likely a bigamist.
(I)-Jean Le Cocq, died 1623 Kebec.
(I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) is serving as an interpreter, that he was proficient in the Montagnais, Algonkin, and Huron dialects.
A road was completed to the upper town of Kebec.
A delegation of western savages arrived in Kebec to trade, and they complained that the Huron and some Algonkin had held them up and robbed them of much of their cargo, as they were being bypassed in trade.
Father (I)-Nicolas Viel, d-1625, a Recollet, and lay brother (I)-Gabriel Sagard Theodat d-1636, visited the Huron (Wendat). Friar (I)-Gabriel Sagard Theodat d-1636, a Recollet considered the savages quite kind, more so than many civilized people, but he condemned their religious ignorance and stressed the need for them to learn to live like Frenchmen. The missionaries found the savages going about naked most disconcerting. Trial marriage also disturbed them, but the Huron could not understand why these French are so coy when other Frenchmen previously encountered had not rejected the advances of the young unmarried girls. Friar (I)-Gabrial Sagard noted that several French men are in the interior; one 100 leagues north of the lakes, with the Neutrals and Tobacco nations. This is likely a second hand story, as the Neutrals and Tobacco Nations are south of the lakes.
Friar Gabriel Theodat Sagard, a Recollet complained bitterly of the hardships endured by traveling and living with the savages when they established a mission at Quienonascaran.
Fort Nassau (Gloucester, New Jersey) is established this year.
Fort Orange is established on the Hudson River, New York.
(I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) and his settlers arrived Cape Sable but found the region in full possession by the French so he returned to England.
Since I came out of the ship, I never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is water gruel) as for deer or venison I never saw any since I came into this land, there is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go, and get it, but must work hard both early, and later for a mess of water gruel, and a mouthful of bread, and beef, a mouthful of bread for a penny loaf must serve for 4 men….–Richard Frethorne, 1623
February 4: Henri II, Due de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France, began the feudal land system in Canada by granting the fief of Sault au Matelot to (I)-Louis Herbert (1575-1627). This grant is based on an assumption that all lands discovered belong to the King. Originally, most people believed God owned all the lands and men were only the caretakers. When ancient Middle East peoples invented the belief that Kings are gods, a natural conclusion is a belief that the King owned the land.
April 7: George Calvert (1580-1632) obtained a Royal Charter for the Province of Avalon, Newfoundland, which he acquired from William Vaughn.
June 28: (I)-Gabriel Theodat Sagard a Recollet frier, d-1636 arrived this date Kebec. He would return to France in 1625 to write a history of New France. He was possessed with Demonic possessions and of diabolical apparitions. He had an undeniable credulousness. It was his testimony that destroyed (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) reputation with (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635). It’s possible he also poisoned the Huron mind against Brule and the belief he was killed because of immorality with the Indian women..
1624
Population of Kebec 47 French + 10 Huron + 1 birth
(I)-Pilote Gascoin arrived Kabec this year.
(I)-Jacques Alard Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Quebec 1621 and is at Tadoussac in 1624.
(I)-Acadia, marriage Charles de LaTour to a Louise Sauvagesse, d-1704. Charles married a native woman of the First Nations in 1624 and he had a daughter, (II)-Jeanne de LaTour, Metis born in 1625, who married c. 1655 Martin de Martignon d’Apprendisteguy, a Basque who raised his Metis family in La Rochelle, France. Charles had previously had other children including a son by another Indian woman who was named (II)-Stephen La Tour, Metis. It’s highly likely Martins Metis children returned to New France maybe under the sir name Martin as Basques were not appreciated in New France. (See 1642 Pierre Martin, very interesting?)
(I)-Nicolas Pivert and wife Marguerite Lesage, d-November 20, 1643 Kebec are living Kebec at this time.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen, laid the cornerstone for a new stone Habitation at Kebec on the site of the original one.
Only Father (I)-Le Caron, (1586-1632) Recollet, remained at the mission Quienonascaran, Huronia to service 30,000 Savages.
The Recollet Gabriel Sagard, d-1636 began his campaign to discredit (I)-Etienne Brue (Brule) (1592-1632) because of his loose morals with his Country wife a Huron with whom he fathered a number of Metis children. Sagard also claimed Brule was working with the free trading fur merchants.
The Recollet had established six missions in New France: Tadoussac, Kebec, Trois Rivieres, Carhagouha in Huron Country, and one among the Nipissing. Another location is Acadia on St. John River being established in 1619 and closed 1624. The Recollet by their charter were forbidden to own property. Trois Rivieres was a major historic trading center and was occupied by the French free traders during the English occupation.
The Iroquois came to trade and make peace with the Huron and Algonkin. Champlain agreed to mediate and could have achieved a lasting peace. The Company Directors, however were horrified, as peace would allow the savages to divert some of the trade to the Dutch. This all or nothing philosophy, derived from One God, One King, One Church principle, is the foundation of war. The French failed to understand that the Indians had practiced free trade for generations. The Indians also practiced the freedom of religion. The French would instigate measures to ensure that peace was not achieved.
A peace treaty is established between the French, Algonquins, Wendat (Huron) and the Iroquois.
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), at age 39 years, became Chief Minister to the French Crown until 1642. He, in effect controlled France and, therefore, became the absolute master of New France. He imposed a New France monopoly on all commerce and proclaimed equal rights to all baptized Natives. Church and State would later repeal this order. He basically imposed absolutism on New France. Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), believed that the colonies exist to enrich the mother country by exporting raw materials and by importing finished manufactured products. This philosophy, with slight modifications, became entrenched into Canadian culture and survives, especially in the Liberal Party, into the twenty first century.
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), began recruiting a hundred French-Roman Catholic men of wealth and affluence to make a covenant with the King for control of New France. (VIII)-Francis Xavier Garneau, however, would later write that Cardinal Richelieu committed a ‘great mistake’ when he consented to exclude the Protestants from New France. Xavier fully understood the implications of not giving equal rights to Protestants or non-baptized persons. The Roman Catholic Church contributed to the creation of a cast system in Canada that would remain into current times. As a result many mixed marriages and Metis offspring were not recognized.
The Company of New France was personally controlled and managed by Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642). The Company was given authority over America from Florida to the Artic Circle, from New Found Land to Lake Huron. Only Roman Catholics were allowed to join and no Huguenot or foreigner is allowed into New France.
Gabriel Sagard, the Recollet, denounced (I)- Etienne Brule (1591-1633), claiming he was working for the fur merchants who were opponents of Compagnie de Chaen. This is likely a false allegation because Brule had a country wife and fathered a number of Metis children and the Recollet considered this an immoral act, Demonic possession.
The Dutch West India Company established Fort Orange (Albany).
Robert Gorges established a colony at Agamenticus (York, Maine).
Helen Boulle departed Tadoussac for France
–Journals of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1624, on life in Virginia during the Starving Times
So lamentable was our scarcity that we were constrained to eat dogs, cats, rats, snakes, toadstools, horsehides, and what not. One man out of the misery he endured, killing his wife, powdered her up to eat her, for which he was burned. Many besides fed on the corpses of dead men, and one who had gotten insatiable out of custom to that food could not be restrained until such time as he was executed for it.
January 4: Kebec, baptism, (II)-Marguerite Martin, the daughter of (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’ecossais (1589-1664) and Marguerite Langlois, (Metis or savage), b-1611, was baptized at Quebec, on January 4, 1624 and displayed the freshness of her thirteen years against the mature thirties that her suitor had already accumulated. The young girl was assisted by her godfather and godmother, Nicolas Pivert and Marguerite Lesage and Guillaume Hebert . What probably appeared to her as a fortune was the 200 livres promised from her groom to her, plus a dowry of 50 livres. The couple benefited also from the 100 livres in silver which Abraham Martin gave Etienne after the wedding, plus utensils and clothes valued at 64 livres. The godfather and godmother, who had no children, also gave a gift of 100 livres, in silver, several articles of clothing and utensils appraised at 260 livres, for a total value of 524 livres. Also noted was the presence of Guillaume Hebert, Olivier Tardif/LeTardif, general clerk and Adrien Duchesne, the first surgeon of Quebec. Also see 1609 – 1610
January 4: (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis, born January 4, 1624, Kebec, died November 25, 1679, Chateau Richer, daughter (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’ecossais, (1589-1664) and savage and or Marguerite Langlois, Metis, b-1611?); married May 22, 1638, Kebec, (I)-Etienne Racine (1607-1689). Thierry Des Dames is godfather of (II)-Marguerite Martin, a girl of (I)-Abraham Martin, in 1624, Kebec . Marguerite Lesage, wife of (I)-Nicolas Pivert is godmother to (II)-Marguerite Martin.
August 15: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen, departed Kebec, arriving at Dieppe, France on October 1.
October 18: King James I created the order of Knights Baronet of Acadia ( Nova Scotia). Any man could become a Baronet of Acadia ( Nova Scotia) if he lived on his grant of land or paid £150.
September: One of the Compagnie de Caen’s vessels, on its way to New France, is captured by the Turks, and the Frenchmen are carried away as slaves.
1625
Population of Kebec 59 French + 1 birth
(I)-Marin Boucher (1589-1671) married Julienne Barry (Baril), possible daughter (I)-Jean Barry, d-1658, servant Lambert, one son born 1626 (II)-Francois Boucher b-1626 Not included in Tanguy list families in 1629. 2nd marriage 1632 Perinne Malet (1606-1687), neither women are mentioned anywhere, therefore possible savages?
Some contend (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) was in the Detroit area 1625/1626.
(II)-Louise Couillard, Metis, b-1625 Kebec, daughter (I)-Guillaume Concillard and (II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis, b-1606. (see 1602)
Jean Juchereau d-1661, Quebec, married 1625, (I)-Marie Langlois, died January 15, 1661, Quebec.
Acadia, marriage (II)-Charles De Saint Etienne De La Tour (1595-1665) son (I)-Claudew De Saint Etienne De La Tour; married Acadia Louise Mi’Kmaq a native person; the had four children (III)-Jeanne La Tour, Metis, who married Martin d’Aprendestiguy de Martigon’ (III)-Antoinette La Tour, Metis, who became a nun, (III)-Marie La Tour, Metis, who also became a nun and possibly a Metis son. The marriage was blessed in 1626 and the children were baptized . (III)-Stephen LaTour Metis a son of (II)-Charles LaTour was recorded as traveling with his father.
(II)-”Charles LaTour traveled the woods with 18 or 20 men, mingled with the savages and lived an infamous and libertine life, without any practice of religion, not even bothering to baptize the children they procreated and instead abandoned them to their poor, miserable mothers as the coureurs de bois still do today. These half-breed children, called METIS by the French, became some of the staunchest allies of the first French families of Acadia. Many of them were baptized by French missionaries and clung to the faith of their fathers. They diligently pursued the trade in furs that sealed the relationship between the worlds of their fathers and their mothers.”
Pierre Antoine Pastedechouan a young Montagnais is taken to France in 1620 for an education in French, Latin and is baptized and returned to Kebec this year..
Father/brother? Nicolas Viel, d-1625, a Recollet Father/brother left a dictionary of the Huron (Wendat) language. He died in the rapids of Sault-au-Recollet. The Jesuits lied and told France that the Recollets didn’t understand the Huron language. This was a cover up for their difficulty in learning the language.
The Jesuit (Black Robes) arrived Kebec this year. They resided with the Recolet Fathers as there was no room at Fort Kebec. Their effort to impose alien religion upon the savages was appreciated by few. The Jesuits were impervious to criticism on this score, believing that any unconvinced of the savages, was a small price to pay for salvation. Despite their diligent efforts, the number of actual converts remained small. The Jesuit were also impervious to the savage claim that they were spreading disease and were the main reason for the fall of the Huron Nation.
Friar Gabrial Sagard, d-1636 of the Recolettes wrote: The country is almost uninhabited (by the French) and uncultivated (less than 15 acres) and this through the negligence and lack of interest of the merchants who hitherto have been satisfied to get furs and profits out of it without having been willing to make any outlay for cultivation, settlement, or progress of the country. It is noteworthy that the French trading establishment Kebec numbered less than 70 people, and the religious, themselves refused to cultivate their own needs, expecting handouts from the garrison and Savages.
(II)-Charles (Turgis) de Saint-Etienne de La Tour (1595-1665), son (I)-Claude La Tour; 1st married 1625, Acadia, a Mi’Kmaw woman (1st of three marriages) daughter Chief Membertou. They had three daughters and one son. (III)-Jeanne de Saint-Etienne de la Tour, Metis, born this year, who married 1655 Pentagouet, Acadia, d’Apprendestiguy de Martignon. 2nd marriage La Tour put aside his Indian family and entered into a apologists union with Francoise Jacqueune, a Huguenot who died 1645: 3rd marriage February 24, 1653, Madamine d’Aulnay widow Charles d’Aulnay de Charinsay (1605-1650)
Father Nicolas Viel, d-1625 a Recollect drowned in the rapids, some suggest he drown in 1624 having only arrived June 28, 1623. Others suggest in the summer of 1625 on a voyage with the Huron to Kebec, the Huron threw him to his death with his disciples in the rapids above Hochelaga (Montreal), which from that time was named Sault au Recollet. Other accounts suggest they were killed for being witches and then they threw them into the river.
The historical period of 1625 to1658 is dominated by the Jesuits Relations Historia; a collection of Canadian missionary letters highly edited under censorship from a Jesuit perspective. The Jesuit Relations is a biased embellished plea for canonization based on the glories of martyrdom. The Jesuits are religious activists, organized along military lines. The Jesuit Order has wealth and power, along with access to the purse of the wealthy in France. The Jesuits are very familiar with the writings of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1490-1557) who lived among the Indians (1527-1537) and who urged a peaceful winning of the Indians to King and Church, saying that the Indians believed in God, heaven and the brotherhood of man and that the Indians are cultured, the Spanish and English being the real savages. The question becomes why, then, do the Jesuits pursue such an anti-Christian course of action. The answer is reflected in three of the rules of the Jesuit Order established by St. Ignatius Loyola.
* Rule #1 “All judgment laid aside, we ought to have our mind ready and prompt to obey, in all, the true Spouse of Christ Our Lord, which is our Holy Mother the Church hierarchical”. History has ruled that individuals are responsible for their own evil actions; they can’t use obedience to Church or State as an excuse for these actions. This rule effectively places the Church above God.
* Rule #13 “To be right in everything, we ought always to hold that white which I see, is black, if the hierarchical Church so decides it.” This is the greatest evil of all as it systemizes all the evils of mankind and especially organized religion. This systemic evil has woven its way into the current cultural fabric of our times. We now call resigning our free will as politics, or politically correct or its not my fault, its the system or its because of drugs, alcohol or gaming. machines, anything but self. This effectively removes honor, truth, wisdom and free will from the agenda of man.
* Rule #14 “No one can save himself without being predestined.” The Jesuits were told they were predestined for heaven by the hierarchical Church. It is noteworthy they were denied entry into China because China believed in God and the hierarchical Church didn’t want to repeat this error again so rule #13 was evoked. This supported their belief that the end justifies the means.
Some suggest I and the world are being unjust towards the actions of the Jesuits, that is why I have added these old world and new world comments. Their rules and actions are not supported by scripture as some contend. Finally, the civil courts are ruling on religious value cases, as the religious are unable to manage their own cultural sets of beliefs and values. We, however, still have a long way to go to right the wrongs of the past four hundred years.
The Jesuits Relations (1632-1673) speaks for itself. It deals with the conversion of the savages in the New Country. The Jesuits deliberately do not name men who are in their disfavor so as not to immortalize them. The Jesuits suggest the savages need to be subjugated just like the Romans subjugated Europe. The Jesuits apply this analogy to the Roman Catholic Church. Subjugation is considered a virtue, provided the Church is the subjugator. The fear of the Jesuits was well founded as, later, most agreed the Jesuits were extremely wicked men, the sepulchers of piety and religion, and ought to be destroyed and driven out of New France because they lacked integrity. All of Europe would eventually agree with this position and demand that they be driven out of Europe. The First of the Jesuit Blackrobes to arrive in the Canadian River Valley (St. Lawrence) are Charles Lalemant (1587-1674), Masse and Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) this year.
The Compagnie de Caen had sent out no settlers. Very little land is under cultivation, and the Huguenot Christians and Roman Catholic Christians are constantly squabbling. The colony had little to show for nearly twenty years effort.
This year, in ten days, pirates had seized 27 ships and 200 men off the New France coastal waters.
The savages presented three little girls to (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) to compensate for the killing of two Frenchmen and also to avert famine and to cement treaty. Champlain accepted the girls, although a French surgeon had asked for a savage girl as a wife and been refused by the French council.
New Netherlands in the Hudson River Valley has 200 settlers.
It is believed that Riviere des Prairies located in the northern portion of the Island of Montreal was named by (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) because his companion Francois des Prairies was lost there.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is ordered back to France and (I)-William de Caen, a Calvinist, replaces him. The Jesuit immediately began to conspire against (I)-William de Caen, blaming him for the poor reception of the Jesuits. (I)-Raymond de la Ralde would replace him by the following year.
The parish Sault au Recollet aka La Visitation du Sault au Recollet is established this year.
January: Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France and Viceroy of New France, resigned in favor of his nephew, Henri de Levis, Duc de Vantadour, who became Viceroy. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) remained as a lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen
January 30: Kebec, birth (II)-Louise Couillard, Metis died November 23, 1641, Kebec daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis (1606-1684); married November 3, 1637, Kebec, Oliver LeTardif, (see 1602)
April 1: Acadia ( Nova Scotia) was divided into two provinces with counties, bishoprics and baronetcies.
April 26: The Jesuits: (I)- Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649), Father Superior (I)- Charles Lalemant (1587-1674) and Father (I)- Enemond (Ennemond) Massie (1574-1646), with two lay brothers: (I)- Francois Charton and (I)- Gilbert Burel, arrived in Kebec (Quebec) on June 19, being the first of their Order. They are not well received either in the settlement or the Fort, and it is suggested they return to France. Only the Recollet Fathers would take them in out of charity. (I)-Jean de Brebeuf eventually went to live with the Huron (Wendat), and the rest remained near Fort Kebec. The Recollet missionary Father (I)- Nicholas Viel is deliberately drown in the Ottawa River near the Mountain of Hochelaga (Montreal). He is considered the first martyr in Canada. The Jesuit considered the Algonquin and Montagnais Savages as wretched tribes with universal ignorance and with moral depravity, idolatry, brutal savagery and foul nudity which are universal. Most New France citizens disliked the Jesuits and ignored Father (I)- Charles Lalemant (1587-1674), refusing to attend his services. Father (I)- Charles Lalemant is also known as Lallemant, L’Alemand, L’Amand, and Allemand. His birth is recorded as 1593 and November 17, 1587.
August 12: The mayor of Plymouth reported that 27 ships and 200 men had been taken in 10 days by pirates.
August 27: On the north eastern corner of Cape Breton the 48 gun, 600 ton, French man-of-war, the pride of the French navy the Le Chameau (the camel) was lost. All aboard, 316 persons perished and 180 bodies washed up on shore. Included in the dead were Me De Chazel, new Intendant of Quebec, de Louvigny, Governor Three Rivers and Jacques L’Hermitte a military engineer. Included were new recruits for Louisbourg, soms as young as age 14.
1626
Population of Kebec 74 French + 10 Huron + 1 birth
Kebec birth (II)-Francois Boucher son (I)- Marin Boucher (1589-1671) arrived Kebec 1619 and Julienne Barry; married September 3, 1641, Kebec, Florence Gareman
(I)-Gervais Monier, a Recollet arrived Kebec.
(I)-Nicholas Pivert, his wife Marguerite Lesage, d-1643 and a niece, also with a hired hand, are at Cap Tourments, Beaupre attending to the Kebec cattle.
(I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) was a sub-agent for the Hundred Associates (1626-1629) he gave up the keys to Kirk in 1629 and returned to France..
Acadia: (II)-Charles LaTour (1596-1665) son (I)-Claude de Saint Etienne La Tour, (II) Charles, lived among the Indians in Acadia since 1610 and married a Mi’Kmaq (Micmac) girl and they had 3 Metis daughters and one Metis son. He had a second bigamist union to (I)-Francois Jacquelin, a Huguenot to improve his standing in France and she to become a business partner. The marriage was more of a contractual arrangement. His 3rd marriage was to Madame Motin widow Charles de Menou de Charnizay aka Chevalier Charles d’Aulnay de Charinsay (1605-1650) and they had 5 more children.
(I)-Rene de Rohault proposed establishing a college at Kebec.
Kebec has only 18-20 acres under cultivation; mainly wheat, rye and peas.
Isle aux Couldres, 10 leagues below Kebec is established as a cattle colony with a few men to care for their needs.
Lobsters, or sea crabs, were caught by the French of St. Sauveur in their great poverty.
The Jesuits were amazed that the savages knew the name of Jesus and the Jesuits assumed the Basques had told them as they frequented this place (Kebec). However the Recolet Fathers had lived among the savages for at least 10 years. The Jesuit were amazed that the savages knew two days before a ship arrived at Kebec. When asked how they knew, they say they saw it in a dream.
The Basque fishermen controlled the fishery of the northeast coast of Canada from 1525 to 1626. They set up fishing camps where they set up scaffolding to dry codfish and built stone ovens to prepare whale oil. Their encounters with Natives, particularly the Micmac, were friendly. Tadoussac, Quebec, one of their major trading centers, is booming, with as many as twenty ships being in the port at one time. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), for the Compagnie de Caen, had imposed a monopoly, reducing the number to two ships per year, and the Tadoussac settlement consists of 40 people or less. It is likely the free-traders move to new locations about this time. Twenty two thousand furs are taken this year with the usual average being 12,000 -15,000. The Company of Merchants in France received a 40% return on their investment.
Some French free traders are wintering for trade 25 leagues above the Kebec settlement. Father Brebeuf would venture into this wintering region to assess the situation. This is likely Trois Rivieres which is a historic trading location.
About 20 ships visited Tadoussac but since the fur business was given to the Association they see only 2 ships once a year. They say 40 men are in New France devoted to the fur trade.
There appears to be two interpreters operating in Kebec and are well paid for their services. The Recollets have been try since 1615 to have them teach the Savage language but they have always refused.
It is estimated that 8,000 beaver and other furs were traded to the Dutch.
The Jesuits had succeeded in disrupting the affairs of New France and would now begin their campaign to establish a French Roman Catholic citizenship with the Jesuits in control. The French colony of Fort Kebec (Quebec) is in great distress due to lack of provisions, and Father (I)-Charles Lalemant (1587-1674) accepted a invitation of de la Ralde to return the Jesuits, except for five, to France. Only forty or fifty-five men remained at Fort Kebec (Quebec). The number of free traders is unknown.
The Dutch West India Company established New Amsterdam (New York City). They claimed to have purchased Manhattan Island for about forty dollars in trade goods. The Dutch are Protestant and love liberty, but have no surplus population to emigrate. The Dutch, English and French developed rivalry over trading commerce. The Dutch had established Fort Nassau (Gloucester, New Jersey) by this time.
A trading post is established at Penobscot Bay (Castine, Main).
Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649), the Jesuit, and Anne de Nouve traveled to Huronia. The Jesuit complained of the Calvinists at Tadoussac and would not be satisfied until all Protestant heretics were driven from New France and Roman Orthodox Catholic administrators are assigned. The Jesuit requested of the Kings Council that the fur trade be taken away from the Calvinists and given to the Jesuit, as these evil men are blocking the attempts to Christianize the savages. The French Calvinists, hearing of the Jesuit intrigue, curtailed supplies and obstructed the sailing of ships to New France. The Jesuit embraced the principle that the end justifies the means.
Pere Joseph visits the Neutrial People who considered the French magician, unsociable, rude, sad, and a melancholy people. It is likely that the Huron (Wendat) spread these stories so that they would not be by-passed in trade.
The Jesuit noted that some Savages can tell you two days before a ship is coming and the hour of its arrival.
Father Philibert Noyrot (1592-1629), a Jesuit, arrived Kebec with 20 workmen to build a residence for the Jesuit. Father Lalement immediately sent him back to France to have the Huguenots removed from the direction of the Mercantile Company resulting in the Company of New France. Noyrot attempted to send a year supply for the Jesuit and workman but De Caen stopped the ship at Hontleur, from resentment over Jesuit complaints of the Recollet conduct. The workmen had to be recalled due to lack of provisions.
Jesuit Father Philibert Noyrot (1592-1629) proposes to Cardinal Richelieu that missionary work in New France be organized and strengthened. The first 4 Jesuits arrive in Huronia under Father Paul Le Jeune.
The Mercantile Company only cleared one arpent of land in 22 years, an arpent is 191.85 English feet.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) began expanding his Kebec facilities in 1626. This second fort was surrounded by ramparts of wood and soil
March 10: The Seigniory of Notre Dame des Anges, on the St. Charles River near Fort Kebec (Quebec), is the first of many grants to the Jesuits.
April 15: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen, is ordered back to Kebec.
July: The Jesuits Fathers Brebeuf, Noue and Daillion left Quebec to re-establish a mission on Georgian Bay at the present site of Penetanguishene.
July 5: Champlain arrived in Kebec and completed the building of an outpost at Cap Tourmente.
August 1: Father (I)-Joseph de la Roche-Dallon (d’allion), a Recollet, accompanied the Jesuit to New France and went to the Neutral Nation.. More Recollet arrived including brother (I)-Gervas Mohier.
August 1: The Jesuit are allowed into New France and those arriving include:
Father (I)-Charles Lalemont, superior,
Father (I)-Enemond (Ennemond) Massee (1574-1646)
Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649)
Father (I)-Anne de Nouve (1587-1646)
Brother (I)-Gilbert Burel d-1635
Brother (I)-Jean Goffestre
Brother (I)-Francois Charrenton (Carton) d-1626
August 1: The Jesuit entered the Huron Country with a set of preconceived beliefs.
* The Savages are beggars.
* They consider the French less intelligent than themselves.
* Their rude and untutored minds, able to comprehend so little.
* They live licentious and lazy lives.
* Vices of the flesh are common among them.
* They are very dirty about their eating.
* They are covered with vermin in their cabins.
* They believe in the immortality of the soul.
* They call the sun Jesus and it is believed the Basques frequented Kebec and likely told them this.
* They believe that there is one who made all, but they do not render him any homage.
* They have physicians, and cure all kinds of disease.
August 10: Kebec, birth (II)-Marguerite Couillard, Metis, died April 20, 1705, Kebec daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis (1606-1684); 1st married October 7, 1637, Kebec, (I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642): 2nd marriage November 12, 1648, Kebec, Nicolas Macard. Nicolet was first married to a Nipissing woman and had a daughter Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet., Metis.
October 20: Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) wintered among the Savages about 20-25 leagues from Kebec, returning March 27, 1627. It is noteworthy that after called the Savages lazy the Jesuit complain they can’t keep pace with the Savages and how hard they work is.
1627
Population of Kebec 71 French + 1 birth, this was 60 men, 5 women and 6 young girls. Those living outside Kebec and the Metis are not counted.
(I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1658), a physician, is in Kebec 1627-1629, others say 1621-1627 and built a cabin in the woods. He had asked for permission to take a savage wife but was turned down. It is likely he took a country anyway
(I)-Pierre Magnan, baptised 1627, arrived Kebec 1617, is killed by the Iroquois 1627
(I)-Francois Marguerie, from Normandy arrived Kebec 1617 as an interpreter to the Algonkins.
The Jesuits recorded that to the west from Kebec are 38 to 40 tribes of savages before the ocean sea of China.
Kebec started out with only one resident (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) and wife (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649 epouse Hebout (Hubou). This is not true as Guillaume Couillard who married Hebert’s Metis daughter was farming at the same time as Herbert. Some call him the first tiller of the soil. The Jesuit said in 1636 he was seeking passage back to Old France in order to live under the laws of the true religion. The Jesuit could be confusing Louis with Marie’s second husband? Hebert had planted apple trees, that did quite well, but the cattle spoiled the trees. Others had escaped into the forests during the English occupation but the Hebert family remained to Kebec. Some suggest as many as 20 people remained in New France after the deportation of 1629.
The Jesuits concluded the Basque had frequented the savages near Fort Kebec before this period. From this date, Missionary work in Canada is restricted to Roman Catholics. No Protestant worship nor Protestant teaching is permitted in Canada. Many would pay lip service to the governing church and practice their religion in secret.
The Jesuit planted peas, rye, oats and Meslin this year.
New France had a population of 107. New England and Newfoundland had a population of 2,100, not counting the 4,000 fishermen.
The Superior of the Quebec mission, Father (I)-Charles Lalemant (1587-1674) decides that work cannot continue with the Huguenot in power. He lobbies Cardinal Richelieu, the powerful advisor to King Louis, to annul the traders’ charter. Little does he realise he bagan the down fall of New France. Richelieu does so, forming his own company, the Company of New France, headed by himself and composed of 100 Associates who each contribue 3,000 livres and together receive a fief running from the North Pole to Florida. The rules are: it is to form a Catholic colony, no foreign Protestants are allowed; the Company will defray the costs of running a mission, the seigneurial land system will be inaugurated and baptized Indians are entitled to French naturalization. They have a 15 year charter and a formidible budget. There are about 100 habitants in Quebec.
Philibert Noyrot secured permission to revoke the Nantes Edict of 1598 in New France, allowing religious and civil liberty to the Huguenot and thereby ensuring the Catholic fur trading monopoly and setting the stage to replace the less zealous Recollects in New France. Francois Marguerie arrived this season at Fort Kebec (Quebec).
(I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640), a Scott, joined forces with the Kirke brothers to create the Scottish and English Company, a pirate organization, to seize Port Royal and establish trade in Acadia and the St. Lawrence. The Kirke company captured Tadoussac and off the Gaspe Peninsula (Quebec) they captured the French ships with 400 settlers. David Kirke (1597-1654) held Tadoussac while brothers Lewis Kirke (1599-1660) and Thomas Kirke went on to take Kebec.
As of this date, all descendants of Frenchmen, as well as converted Natives, will be considered as French citizens and may live in France without further declaration of nationalization. Political rhetoric but largely ignored by New France especially the Jesuits.
It is recorded that upwards of 20 ships are in Tadoussac at one time this year, vying for trade.
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), while arranging to send settlers to New France, barred any non-Catholics from settling.
Virginia, New England had a population of 2,000 people who were basically engaged in the tobacco trade.
March: England and France again commence hostilities.
April 25: King Louis XIII’s minister, Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), revoked the charter of the Montmorency Company based on the Jesuit reports and formed the Compagnie de la Nouvelle France (Company of New France), also called the One Hundred Associates or Compagnie Des cents-associes. Huguenots, Calvinists or other aliens are excluded from joining the company, as are foreigners. Only Catholics are allowed to settle, and the company is required to settle 4,000 before 1643. Each settlement must support three priests. The Company, in perpetuity, gains the whole of New France, extending from Florida to the Arctic Circle in width, from New Found Land to the Great Lakes called the freshwater sea. The William de Caen charter had been revoked. The One Hundred Associates had full seigniorial ownership, a perpetual fur monopoly and a 15-year trade monopoly in New France, Acadia and Newfoundland. It is to nominate a Governor and settle 200 per year to 4,000 colonists by 1643. This population level, however, would not be achieved until about 1667. The Company of New France was unsuccessful in its goals. Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), hoped to populate Kebec with settlers who were moved more by religious and patriotic motives than by the hope of economic enrichment.
June 21: (II)-Helene Martin, Metis, born June 21, 1627, Kebec daughter (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’ecossais, (1589-1664) and Marguerite Langlois, Metis, b-1611?); married 1st. October 22, 1640, Kebec, (I)-Claude Etienne b-1610; married 2nd September 3, 1647, Kebec, (I)-Medard Chouart b-1621.
1628
Population of Kebec 34 + 21 Huron French, source Tanguay
The estimated French population of Fort Kebec (Quebec) is some 76 persons?
Basque fishermen are at Kebec.
A young man named Grec or Le Grec is in Kebec
Marguerite Couillard b-1628, Kebec daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard and Guillemette Herbert.
(I)-Nicolas Pivert and his wife Marguerite Lesage, died November 29, 1643, Kebec was at Cap Tourmentse this year.
Raymond de la Ralde attacked the English in Newfoundland.
Father Joseph de la Roche-Dallon (d’allion), a Recollet, went to Huron Country.
Friar Le Caron is at Kebec with brother Recollet. They discovered Foucher, who commanded Cape Tourmente and was disabled in a canoe on the river.
Montagnais dit Kebik (the Algonquian People) gave to (I)-Samuel Champlain (1570-1635) three young girls who he named Foi (Faith) b-1617, Esperance, b-1616 and Charity, b-1613 but Faith returned to her people.
The French, in 1687, claim that King Louis XIII established a new Company to which he conceded all countries of Canada including the Bay of the North (Hudson Bay). Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), also a Duke, had recruited 100 investors to send 400 settlers to Kebec. The Company of New France issued an edict that no Huguenot or foreigner be allowed into New France. The charter obligated the Company to send 4,000 colonists before 1643. This however was beyond their ability, therefore in 1645 they turned it over to the inhabitants of Kebec. Their monopoly of the fur trade, with their debts and other obligations.
It is noted that the Huron have their own religion and do not want the Black Robes amongst them. The Huron believe in the immortality of the soul, and they believe they will go to heaven when they die. This accounts for the Recollect’s young servant boys’ (15-16 years old) reluctance to be converted.
King Charles I of England authorized the Thomas Kirk and his brothers, Lewis, John, James and David, along with other English merchants, to take possession of Canada. Captain Michel and ten French settlers who were in the service of Caens and were expelled as Huguenots. They were determined to seek vengence.
A trading post is established on the Kennebec, not far from Casco Bay, Maine.
Isle aux Couldres, 10 leagues below Kebec is destroyed by the Kirk brothers and they captured Nicholas Pivert, his wife and niece as well as the men who took care of the cattle.
(I)-Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (1598-1642) returned to Kebec and was appointed agent and interpreter and was sent 300 leagues to the west, to ‘The People of the Sea’, to secure a peace treaty. He was considered by the People as Manitouiriniou or the Wonderful Man. He met with 5,000 People and concluded peace and returned to Three Rivers.
(I)-Claude La Tour, (1570-1736+) the elder, a Huguenot is captured by David Kirk and sent to England and was imprisoned. He eventually deserted his French heritage and pledged allegiance to the English. His son (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) had fortified himself and gathered the Acadians in Fort La Tour near Cape Sable, Acadia. Kirk took Port Royal and captured the French fleet of 18 vessels on their way to Acadia.
(II)-Charles LaTour, (1595-1665) was captured in 1628 or 1629 and taken to England.
An English fleet moves into the St. Lawrence and is able to remain there until 1632
The first fleet sent by the Company of 100 Associates to Kebec is captured by the English.
January; (I)-Samuel Champlain (1570-1635) writes “Robert Giffard (d-1668), some time before, wished to have a young Indian woman to educate her & to marry her, but her people would not give her up to him, what ever offers he made.” It was customary for Canadian women to enter into marriages for the benefit of trade, but they rarely left their own villages, preferring instead that their husband visit when he could, and remain loyal to her people; but any offspring were raised in her own community. Obviously Robert wanted to take her away, and this was rarely acceptable.
February 2; (I)-Samuel Champlain (1570-1635) officially adopted three young girls, aged 11, 12 and 15; whom he named Faith, Hope and Charity. The girls were given instruction from some of the veteran women, who taught them how to dress and behave as good French wives; But the young girls were miserable, and missed their old lives and families at Tadoussac. When the Kirk brothers arrive things were settled. Faith, Hope and Charity were taken as prisoners, of the English, thrown into the hold and the trap door nailed shut. To make matters worse, Marsolet had taken a fancy to young Hope, but when she spurned his advances, he turned his attention to her sister Charity; who threatened to tear his heart out and eat it. Out of revenge, he told Kirke that the Montagnais wanted them back or they would wage war on the British, hoping that Kirke would then release the girls into his custody, with a promise to take them home. Instead, they were invited to dine with the captain, and after getting assurances that they would not incite war, he allowed them to remain with Guillaume Couillard, who would be staying on under British rule.
February 12: France marriage (I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1668), a physician, to Marie Renocard, b-1659, Tanguay obviously is confused:
Remember this is the man who wanted a savage girl as a wife and was turned down by the council, so he built a cabin in the woods.
March: Jarvis Kirke, a merchant of London, outfitted three ships manned by 200 men to set sail and capture Kebec for the English. He captured the French Company of New France ships en route and the trading post at Tadoussac. David Kirke alias Kertks (1597-1654) a French Huguenot sailing for England was sent to demand the surrender of Kebec. The remaining supply ships were captured, numbering 11 ships, and 600 prisoners were taken and returned to France. David Kirke alias Kertks (1597-1654) returned to London and was confident he could return next year and finish the job. This action was the damnation of many French Canadians. The Kertks were French Huguenots who escaped French Religious persecution by fleeing to England. It is ironic how the French in their religious fanaticism breed hate that returns to pay them back.
April 27: Kebec, the plow is first used in Canada by (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663), son-in-law of (I)-Louis Herbert (1575-1727). France had no desire for Canada to go to agriculture.
April 29: (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663), (I)-Louis Hebert’s son-in-law, is the first recorded person to use the plow in Canada.
May 6: The Council of the State of France gave the One Hundred Associates full seigniorial ownership, a perpetual fur monopoly and a 15 year trade monopoly in New France, Acadia and Newfoundland. The company is to nominate a governor to be appointed by the king, and settle 4,000 colonists by 1643.
July 10: The Company of Kirkes captured Tadoussac, Miscou, and Cap Tourmente and seized the 1st supply ship of the Hundred Associates before it reached Kebec. They demanded that (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) surrender. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) refused, and the Company of Kirkes assumed he did so from a position of strength so they withdrew. It is noteworthy that (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) would likely not be aware that the company he worked for had been replaced by the Hundred Associates. About 20 French Huguenots led by Desdames landed Kebec in a small boat and entered on friendly terms but soon began to pillage and burn, killing the cattle.
July 18: Returning to England, the Company of Kirkes encountered the French supply fleet off Gaspe. They engaged the fleet under command of Claude Roquemont de Brison (1570-1636) and captured the four ships. Roquemont and associates are taken to England as prisoners.
October 29: The third Huguenot war ended with the surrender of La Rochelle, France.
1629
Population of Kebec 76 French + 600 English + 1 marriage + 1 birth
When the Kirk brothers controlled New France only five women are noted: the widow of Hebert who was married to Guillaume Hubon, her daughter Marie Lamglois, married to Jean Juchereau, Guillemette Couillard wife of Abraham Martin and two women of lesser note, not remembered by name. They could be two of the five Indian girls married to Frenchmen before 1629. Some say the 17th century French had little detachment to people of other races or cultures that carried into the 18th century. Some religious took exception to these relationships especially the country marriages which they refused to record or their offspring.
Folks are split some suggest (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais and family was sent to France, during the English occupation, the other camp suggest they remained in New France. I would suggest that (I)-Abraham was sent to France and his wife and four children remained in New France. (II)-Helen was born 1627 and (II)-Marie born 1635 and no children born 1628-1634. The wife was most likely savage and therefore returned to her people, during the occupation.
The inhabitants of Kebec are forced to sign an allegiance to England, thereby renouncing their allegiance to France. Among those signing are the Herberts, Couillards and Piverts. The only ones who did not sign were those who escaped to live among the Indians and those others who were deported.
(I)-Le Baillif, a native of Amiens, France defected to the English. He ill-treated the French who remained in Kebec. He plundered the French stores of 3,500 to 4,000 beaver skins.
Breton a ships captain was in Canada this year and Kebec 1630
(II)-William Alexander’s son brought 70 settlers to Port Royal and built Charles Fort, New Scotlande.
(II)-Louis Couillard, Metis, b-1629 Kebec, son (I)-Guillaume Concillard and (II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis b-1606; married 1653, Kebec, (II)-Genevieve Despres, b-1639, died May 11, 1706.
Sieur (I)-Jean Paul Godefroy (Godfroy) (1608-1681) returned to France with Champlain. He was back at Trois Rivieres in 1636.
(I)-Nicolas Marsolet De St. Agnan arrived Kebec 1613 and worked as interpreter until the Kirk brothers arrived this year.
(I)-Francois Marguerie from Normandy arrived Kebec 1627 as interpreter to the Algonkins, and during the English occupation he lived with the Algonkins.
The Jesuits say Jacques Michel, a Huguenot led the English to Kebec.
(I)-Jacques Hertel d-1651, some say died August 10, 1651, an interpreter, took refuge among the Savages when the Kirke Brothers captured Kebec. (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632), an interpreter, also took refuge among the Indians as did (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677), an interpreter at Tadoussac. Of the 13 known Frenchmen who remained in New France, 7 were interpreters. All these people likely had Metis families. (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) and (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677) refused to return to France not wanting to desert their Country wives and Metis families. It was also very clear that if they returned to France they would be hung because of false reports of the Recollets and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635).
(I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne born 1598 and died October 9, 1642, Sillery; 1st known marriage about 1629 (or earlier) Nipissirinienne sauvagesse, b-1610 and one daughter resulted from this union, Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet, Metis; 2nd marriage 1737, Quebec, (II)-Marguerite Couillard Metis, (1626-1705), daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) (died March 4, 1663 Kabec) and (II)-Guillaume Herbert (1606-1684), epouse November 12, 1646, Quebec (I)-Nicolas Macard dit Champagne died October 5, 1659, Quebec, Quebec. (I)-Jean and his family stayed in New France during the English occupation. He returned to Quebec 1632.
(I)-Samuel Champlain (1570-1635) took two of his girls, Esperance Montagnais, b-1616 and Charity Montagnais, b-1613 to Tadoussac for a trip to France but the Kirke Brothers refused to let them embark. The Kirkes had them placed in the care of (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespindcy (1591-1663) who arrived 1617 (son-in-law of (I)-Louis Hebert, (1575-1627)). No further mention is made of these girls. Others suggest: (I)-William Couillard (Coullart) who arrived 1613 and who Champlain said, he was one of the earliest settlers in Kebec. It was him who Champlain trusted the care of his two savage girls, who he considered his daughters, with a promise they would become foster parents until his return, him being sent to France by the English. It is said (I)-William is a son-in-law to Madame Hebert. Some say Louise Couillard b-1625 is his daughter. It is also interesting that (II)-Louise Couillard, (1625-1641) who married 1637, (I)-Oliver LeTardif, (1601-1665) and sister (II)-Marguerite Couillard, (1626-1705) who married 1637, (I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642) are believed by some to be the daughters of (I)-William?. See 1635 list of women in Kebec.
Father Francois Ragueneau, a Jesuit & Father (I)-Charles Lalemant (1587-1674) were sent back to France with Champlain.
London, authorized by Charles I, declared war on the Jesuits.
Mynheer Wouter Van Twiller is appointed Governor of the Providence of Nieuw Nederlandts (New Netherlands).
The Company of Adventurers to Canada captured the French party sent to meet the supply ships from France.
The Huguenots in France revolted against the French Crown.
Plans were made in 1626 to establish a college at Kebec by Rene de Rohault and his father but was interrupted by the Kirk Brothers.
(I)-Oliver le Jeune is believed to be the first slave to have been transported directly from Africa to Canada and sold this year. About 1,000 black people were bought from New England or the West Indies as slaves for New France to 1760. This, however, is misleading, as by 1759, there was 3,604 slaves in New France, including 1,132 of African origin. The Loyalists would bring another 2,000 black slaves.
King Charles I of England declared a private war by giving permission to make prize of all French and Spanish ships and their goods, at sea or land. The Scots sent 70 men (tua weemen) to occupy (Acadia) Port Royal and Baleine on Cape Breton Island. These privateers would be shipped home in 1633 after King Charles I married the sister of France’s King Louis XIII.
(I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) finally secured his grant to Acadia by landing 70 Scot settlers in Port Royal. They would secure this site 1629-1632 when they were forced to leave.
Tanguay suggests the following census in 1629, Kebec.
He suggests their are only 4 families but the census suggests 8 families but the other 4 are likely French/Savage families. Namely: Jonquest – Couillard – Hubou – Hebert This excludes the Martin family
Recollets = 4
Jesuits = 4
Men =47
Women = 8
Enfants =15
Officers =22
TOTAL 100 Other records suggest the population is only 76 French, the balance may be with the Huron in the bush?
Emery de Caen is at Tadpussac and sends Froidemouche a French envoye to deliver a message that a peace treaty was signed but the envoye only made it to La Malbaie (Quebec)
The second fleet sent by the Company of 100 Associates to Kebec is captured by the English. The English Kirke brothers seize raid up and down the St. Lawrence and seize Kebec.
(I)-Francois Grave, sieur Du Pont (Pontegrave) (1560-1629) departed Kebec with Champlain and is believed to have died on the returning ship or in France.
February 4: The rival commercial interests of (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) and the Company of Kirke’s combined forces in support of the Calvinists under the Company of Adventurers to Canada, with a monopoly of the trade of the St Lawrence and the power to remove the French. The Kirke’s alias Kertks French Huguenots included David Kirke (1597-1654), Lewis Kirke (1599-1600), Thomas Kirke, John Kirke and James Kirke who were determined to drive the French from Canada and Acadia.
March: The Kirke brothers, with Jacques Michel, a deserter from Champlain, explained the sorry state of Kebec and again acting as pilot on the river guided the Kirks in the conquest of Canada. It is noteworthy that the Kirke brothers and Jacques Michel were Huguenots and some suggest it was out of revenge for the persecution of the Huguenots by French Catholics.
April 24: The Treaty of Susa established peace between France and England. The terms of the treaty were that all territory captured after the signing would be returned. The Company of Adventurers to Canada had already sailed.
May 16: Kebec, marriage, (I)-Guillaume Hubou, died May 13, 1653, Quebec; married Marie Rollet, died May 27, 1649, Kebec, veuve de (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627).
May 18: Kebec, birth (II)-Louis Couillard, Metis son (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis (1606-1684); married April 29, 1653, Genevieve Despres (see 1602)
June 15: The nine ships of the Company of Adventurers to Canada reached the Gaspe. The invading force is under the command of David Kirke alias Kirke (1597-1654); a French Huguenot and others say a mixed blood English-French with orders to take possession of the French colony. The Calvinists, including Jacques Michel, who were expelled from New France provided the English with full details of the desperate condition of New France and the ships that would sail this year.
July 1: James Stuart, Lord Ochiltree, who had been granted a barony by (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640), landed 60 colonists at Baleine, Cape Breton Island. Most would depart by 1632, except for one of two families who elected to remain in Acadia ( Nova Scotia).
July: The Recollets were offered the protection of the Huron Nation to provide them shelter until such time as the French returned. The Recollets declined this offer and returned to France as English prisoners. The Recollet would later be highly criticized by their order for abandoning their missions. They however had no idea that Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642) would prevent their return to New France and give 14 years of labor and all their missions to the Jesuit.
July: The Kebec settlement is near starvation; they are grubbing for roots. The English, through Basque fishermen, requested that Champlain surrender. The English interception of their supply ship at Tadoussac was the last straw. The men of the colony are fearful of the pending English attack. Some are no longer content to exist on starvation rations. Most of these colonists are convicts or indentured slaves. Some escaped into the woods during the confusion. They had little loyalty to (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) or their wives and children who remained in the Fort. They joined the bands of migrating Native hunters, which added to the growing ‘Bois Brule’ (burnt wood) Metis population. Most chose to live in freedom with the Natives rather than be killed or captured and returned to France via England. They chose to become free traders and explorer entrepreneurs. This would become a recurring theme in New France.
July 19: Trois Rivieres, (I)-Jean Nicollet (1598-1642) arrived with his country born daughter Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet a Nipissing Metis. Upon hearing the Kirke Brothers had taken Kebec he fled back into the woods to avoid deportation.
July 19: Captain Louis delivered an ultimatum of surrender on July 19. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant, had no more then sixteen men at his command at this time, including the priests of St. Charles. In reality, only one man held the Fort, the others are in the woods in search of food. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) surrendered the Fort to Captain Louis and discovered that (I)-Etienne Brule (1582-1632) and (I)-Nicolas Marsolet de Saint Aignan (1587-1677), who had been living with the Wendat and Iroquois, had led the English to Fort Kebec (Quebec). This was Champlain’s account but Marsolet was living Tadoussac 1608-1635 at the time. Champlain hated Marsolet because he reported directly to the King. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) would plot (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633)’s future demise. Brule became the word to describe all those who renounced French rule to live with the Natives. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) attempted to barter to allow his two native girls about 17 & 12 years of age to return with him to France, but is refused by the English. One girl had previously returned to her People. The English shipped all the colonists to France by way of England, including the priests. (I)-Lewis Herbert’s family claimed to have escaped deportation and remained with the Indians and 7 free traders in New France. (I)- Etienne Brule (1591-1633) and (I)-Nicolas Marsolet de Saint Aignan (1587-1677) claimed they were taken by force, and they believed if they were taken to France they would be hung. This is to counter claims that they aided the Kirk Brothers. Others suggest it was Jacques Michel, who led the Kirke’s to victory over (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) .
July 19 (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) recounted: “Louis Kirke landed about 150 armed men and took possession of the settlement. He came to the fort to drive me out. He planted the English flag on one of the bastions, sounded the drum, assembled his soldiers and fired the cannon to signal his joy.”
July 22: David Kirke (1597-1654), Lewis Kirke (1599-1660) and Thomas Kirke stormed Fort Saint Louis built on the St Lawrence River in 1620. The Kirke’s alias Kertks were French Huguenots who escaped French Catholic persecution by escaping to England.
July 24: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) left Kebec as a prisoner of the Company of Adventurers to Canada.
(I)-Nicolas Pivert and his wife Marguerite Lesage, died November 29, 1643, Kebec are still in Kebec after (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) left Kebec.
July 25: The English encountered the French ship commanded by Emery de Caen, who also surrendered.
August 1: At Tadoussac, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) reprimanded (I)- Etienne Brule (1591-1633) and (I)- Nicolas Marsolet de Saint Aignan (1587-1677) who had gone over to the Indians. Both men had fathered Metis children. Champlain had no authority over Marsolet and this bothered him greatly. Marsolet was one of 7 interpreters who remained in Kebec during the Kirk occupation, in fact he became great friends with the English brothers. He had three savage wives by country marriage.
August 24: Father (I)-Philibert Noyrut (1592-1629) is lost in a shipwreck off Cape Breton, as is Brother (I)-Louis Malot (1592-1629).
August 29: L’Estourneau wrecked off Canso, Nova Scotia, 14 died.
1630
Population of Kebec 26 French + 90 English. Others suggest the total population of Kebec was 103.
Some believe (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort is appointed Governor of Trois Rivieres this year. There was secret papers created by the Jesuits to make him acting Governor of New France in event of Champlain’s death.
Breton a ships captain was in Canada 1629 and Kebec 1630
The Plymouth Company established a trading post at the mouth of the Penobscot River (Maine)
(I)-Jacques Badeau d-1658 Quebec married Anne Ardouin d-1670.
(II)-Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet de Belleborne, Metis, b-1630 daughter (I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne born 1598 and died October 9, 1642, Sillery; and Nipissirinienne sauvagesse, b-1610.
(I)-Adrien du Chesne (Duchene), a surgeon, from Dieppe who arrived Kebec 1620. remained in Kebec with his wife during the English occupation. It is likely his wife was savage and with his skills he was considered an asset by the English. There is no record of children but they would not be recorded by the religious.
(I)-Francois Marguerie had fled the English to live among the Wendat (Huron) and learned their language to later become an interpreter.
Portugal Cove (St. Philips), Newfoundland is named after Portugal fishermen who occupied this area prior to this time.
The Great Puritan migration of the 1630′s had a profound impact on New England (American culture). These English and Scottish Puritans branched into the Congregational, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Unitarian, Quaker and other Protestant sects. Their Protestant ethic suggested the Roman Catholic Church had taken a wrong turn after the fifth century by adding forms, ceremonies and dogmas with no basis in the Holy Scriptures. They rejected the Church of England because they retained bishops, vestments and ritual. They wanted to worship as the early Christians had worshiped. The French Huguenots and Scotch, German, Scandinavian and Netherlands Calvinists are essentially Puritan in nature, differing only in details. Charles I is told by Bishop William Laud to considered the Puritans as blasphemous because they brushed aside candles, the cross, kneeling and chanting along with other forms of worship. Persecution by Bishop William Laud would drive 10,000 Puritans to New England over the next four years.
The Dutch colony of Rensselaerswyck is established near Fort Orange, New York.
New Amsterdam (New York), a Dutch colony, had 300 people by this date with neat gabled houses and a brick church. Baie Forteau in the Strait of Belle Island, is a long time Basque-whaling station.
The Iroquois gained ascendancy over the Algonquins, thanks to the firearms sold to them by the Dutch.
The third fleet sent by the Company of 100 Associates to Kebec is lost.
March 29: The Treaty of Saint Germain en Laye was signed by England and France. The colonies of Canada and Acadia were returned to France. King Charles I, however, had refused to restore the captured territories until further settlements were made.
April 30: (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) granted a barony in Acadia ( Nova Scotia), from Yarmouth to Lunenburg to (I)-Claude La Tour (1570-1736+) and (II)-Charles de La Tour (1595-1665) if Charles would defect to the English..
May 12: (I)-Claude de Saint Etienne de La Tour, (1570-1736+) who transferred his allegiance from France to England, enrolled his son (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665), a Frenchman, as an English baronet. (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) knew nothing of his father’s actions until his father appeared before Cape Sable, Acadia ( Nova Scotia) where (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665), the son, commanded the French Fort La Tour (Lomeron). (I)-Claude La Tour, (1570-1736+) the father, attempted to persuade (II)-Charles La Tour, the son, to surrender the Fort to the English, and when this failed, father fought son until (I)-Claude, the father, and the English withdrew. The English had promised land grants to entice the son to join the English. The English suffered significant losses after two assaults were repelled. As a result (I)-Claude La Tour (1570-1736+) and his second wife were reduced to beggary and settled in Port Royal, Acadia among the Scots who were settled there by (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640). The first winter 30 of the original 70 Scot settlers died.
August 1: Saint Jacques de Dieppe, France, baptism Pierre Martin son of Abraham Martin and Marguedith Langlois is likely not Abraham (1589-1664)
The French Captain Marot arrived Fort La Tour with supplies of arms and ammunitions. The war ship was put under command of (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) who enticed his father to quit Port Royal and join him at Fort La Tour, which he did. He brought news that the Scots planned to attack Fort La Tour. (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) started construction of a new fort at the mouth of the St. John River to repel the English by sea and secure the river for trade..
1631
Population of Kebec 25 French + 76 English + 1 birth
One birth is recorded in Kebec, New France.
(I)-Simon Baron, a Jesuit donnes and self taught surgeon arrived Chibou, Cape Breton Island.
(I)-Hubert Anselme ordered a vessel of the Company of the Hundred Associates to Tadoussac and in 1632 voyages de Champlain.
France: (I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) is appointed Superior of the Jesuits in New France. He also is appointed to act as Governor of New France in case of any extraordinary event. He had the unusual power of superseding Champlain’s authority when he deemed it advisable.
(II)-Charles De Saint Etienne De La Tour Metis (1595-1665) is made a baronet of Nova Scotia by Sir William Alexander in 1631. (II)-Charles LaTour Metis was already a “seigneur d’Acadie” by de Bienville’s will. Also in 1631, Louis XIII of France grants (II)-Charles LaTour, (1595-1665) a concession at the mouth of the St.John River, now in New Brunswick, where he builds Fort Ste-Marie in Jemseg.
(II)-Nicole Madeleine Gareman b-1631 Kebec? daughter (I)-Pierre Gareman dit Garnier (in 1666 census) and Madeleine Charlot: married October 10, 1645, Quebec Rene Mezeray.
(II)-Louise Garnier, b-1631, Lachine, daughter (I)-Charles Garnier and Jeanne Labraye. Another daughter is b-1627 no location given and an older daughter Louise age nor location not given.
Marriage likely 1631, assumed St. Malo, France (I)-Sebastien Hayet aka Hayot dit Radisson married to Madeleine Herault aka Hainault, second marriage likely Metis or savage still alive in 1654 at Trois Rivieres.
FIVE CHILDREN ARE RECORDED
(II)-Francoise Radisson, no birth date given, but likely died young, is listed Tanguay
(II)-Marguerite Radisson b-1632, 1st married 1646, age 12 yrs. most likely Trois Rivieres? to Jean Vernon Grandmenil, Tanguay
The following children are considered to be half sisters and a half brother to (II)-Marguerite
(II)-Francoise Radisson, Metis, b-1636, married about 1653, likely Trois Rivieres, (I)-Claude Volant de St Claude, b-1636
(II)-Pierre Esprit Chouard dit Radisson Metis, (1636/40-1710) Marguerite is recorded as half sisters to (II)-Pierre.(*)
(II)-Elisabeth Radisson, Metis, (1638-1722)
#0 (II)-Pierre calls himself Peter Efprit Radiffon, likely his ‘S’ looked like ‘F’
#1 (II)-Pierre swore while in England, he was born 1636, St. Malo, France.
#2 A search for baptismal records suggests (II)-Pierre was not born St. Malo, France
#3 The English believed (II)-Pierre to be Italian not French. (**)
#4 Some claim (II)-Pierre is the son of Pierre Esprit Radisson, b-1590, Avagon, France and Madeleine Heraut.
#5 No record exists in New France that Pierre Esprit Radisson, b-1590, Avagon, France is in New France.
#6 (II)-Pierre claims he arrived Quebec, May 24, 1651.
#7 (II)-Pierre claims capture by the Mohawk Iroquois May 24, 1651 near Trois Rivieres & escaped October 29. 1653
#8 (II)-Pierre claims he was captured by the Irokoits in 1652
#9 (II)-Pierre claims to be among the Dutch in 1653, and claims to be from Trois Rivieres.
#10 The Dutch believed (II)-Pierre was an Indian
#11 (II)-Pierre claims to be in Holland January 4/7, 1654.
#12 (II)-Pierre claims to have married 1656, Trois Rivieres, Elizabeth, daughter Madeleine Hainault
#13 (II)-Pierre claims to be in Quebec May 17, 1654 and then Trois Rivieres to see ‘his relatives’ all at Trois Rivieres..
#14 (II)-Pierre claims ‘his relatives’ are his ‘natural parents’, and ‘Country People’, and ‘my brother, his wife & children’.
#15 (II)-Francoise Radisson, b-1636 married Quebec 1654, Trois Rivieres, Claude Volant (***) de St Claude, b-1636
#16 Some claim (II)-Pierre married England daughter of John Kirke.
#17 (II)-Pierre has been known to stretch the truth, if it serves his purposes.
#18 Some suggest (II)-Marguerite Radisson, b-1632 is (II)-Francoise Marguerite (1635-1677)
#19 (II)-Marguerite first child born June 1648, Trois Rivieres.
#20 (II)-Marguerite is living with (I)-Jean Baptiste Godefroy (1608-1681) on November 25, 1646, as though a servant?
(*) This position of birth is very problematic, as is his claim of, ‘Country People’, as relatives.
Country People usually refers to mixed marriages Indian/European unions or Metis People.
(**) During my life time a Metis was said, by the English, to have a bit of Italian in them!
(***) Tanguay says Volant dit is deRadisson, (II) Pierre’s brother & family?
It is fairly obvious that the second (II)-Francoise, (II)-Pierre and (II)-Elizabeth are Metis, therefore not listed by Tanguay.
The English of Kebec are represented by Governor Captain Thomas Ker, originally from Dieppe, France, his brothers David and Louys Ker and Jacques Michel, also originally from Dieppe, all being Huguenots and are now working for the English. These English-Frenchmen are held responsible for the destruction and plunder of New France. The home and property of Madame (I)-Herbert is not damaged, nor her property taken. Her daughter and her husband are also not molested. They likely made some arrangements with the English. Sieur Brusle, a Frenchman, is also known to have gone over to the English during occupation but was killed by the Huron for unknown reasons. This must be a reference to (I)-Etienne Brule (1582-1633) who is killed in 1632. The Kirks brought the first known slave to Canada, a Negro or Moor slave, later to be sold to Le Bailly at Kebec for fifty ecus. The first recorded Black African slave in Canada was Oliver Le Jeune who was sold this year in Quebec. The Savages of the Kabec region had been trading and supporting the English during the years of occupation.
Slavery became a common practice in New France and the Church became the largest slave owner. Many have asked how could this happen, when in 1435 Pope Eugene IV in his Bull Sicut Dudum condemned slavery and those engaged in it, and those who ignore the Bull are excommunicated, ipso facto. In 1537, Pope Paul III issued the Bull Sublimis Deus that condemned slavery, Popes Gregory XIV, 1591, Pope Urban VIII, 1639, and Pope Benedict XIV, 1741 also condemned slavery. We can only assume those Jesuits and Religious Sisters who held slaves were automatically excommunicated, ipso facto.
King Charles I granted Cape Breton Island to Robert Gordon of Lochinvar and his son Robert Gordon.
February 8: Louis XIII named (I)-Charles de La Tour (1595-1665) Governor and Lieutenant General of New France.
February 9: Kebec, birth (II)-Elizabeth Couillard, Metis, died April 5, 1704 Chateau Richer daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis (1606-1684); married November 27, 1645, Kebec (I)-Jean Guyon: Elizabeth was baptised, not by a French Priest, but by Anglais minister. Because during Kirk occupation, there was no priest in Kebec. Is this (I)-Jean Guyon who arrived Kebec 1619 and is possibly (I)-Jean Guton (Guton) (Dion) dir du Buisson (1592-1663)???
April 28: Luke Fox (Foxe) (1586-1635) departed London in search of the North West passage. He skirted the western shore of Hudson Bay and discovered relics of the 1612 Button expedition.
July 10: King Charles I instructed (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) to give Port Royal back to the French and to destroy Fort William; built by his son (II)-William Alexander.
August 29: Luke Fox (Foxe) (1586-1635) met Thomas James (1593-1635), an English explorer, near Cape Henrietta Maria. Fox sailed into Foxe Channel as far as Cape Dorchester and established that the Hudson Bay did not offer a passage to the east.
September 7: Thomas James (1593-1635) sailed for two days before Luke Fox sailed from England to Hudson Bay, and they met by accident. Thomas James wintered on Charlton Island, James Bay. He recorded the presence, on nearby Danby Island, of stakes that were driven into the ground, being cut with a hatchet. Some speculate this represents the presence of Henry Hudson. Eskimo tradition suggests a live white boy is rescued from a boat in Hudson Straits with a dead white man. (I)-Claude de La Tour (1570-1736+) built a fort on Portland Point at the East Side of St. John harbor.
1632
No marriages, births or deaths recorded in Kebec.
Marriage (I)-Marin Boucher (1589-1671) arrived Kebec 1619, 1st marriage 1625 Julienne Barry; 2nd marriage 1631 Perinne Malet (1606-1687), 1 child reported 1st marriage, 5 children 2nd marriage.
(I)-Jean Bigot de Tourouvre, au Perche married 1633 Kebec, Thomine Chastel is in New France 1633 to 1636, however 1st child (II)-Francoise Bigot (most likely Metis) is born 1632 and 1st married 1647 Charles Guillebout and 2nd married May 8, 1659 Denis Briere, Kebec .
It is believed that 6 households of French remained in Kebec during the English occupation along with 7 interpreters who were living among the savages.
Francois Albert married Kabec Thomasse Gabarette.
(I)-Gilbert Burel, Jesuit lay brother returned to Kebec with LeJeune another lay brother.
Guillaume Guillemot, sieur Duplessis Bochart aka Duplessis Quebodo is a lieutenant of Emery de Caen in Kebec.
(II)-Marie Le Neuf, b-1632 likely France, December 5, 1702 L’egglise des Recollets, daughter (I)-Jacques Le Neuf De la Poterie, b-1606 in Kebec 1636 and (II)-Marguerite Le Gardieur, b-1608, died 1697
(I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) Superior of the Jesuits in New France and acting Governor New France arrived Kebec. It’s likely (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort also arrived about this time to become Governor Trois Rivieres and under secret papers to act as Governor of New France in event of the death of Champlain. There is little doubt that (I)-Paul Le Jeune, Jesuit exercised his unusual authority, but he appears to always act through others.
P. Lejeune said mass at (I)-Guillaume Couillard’s house and Francais was not heard in past three years.
(I)-Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (1598-1642) returned from the interior after living 12 years among the savages, taking at least one wife and a 2nd wife in Kebec in 1637. He worked for the One Hundred Associates.
Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), executed Henri II, Due de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France, for participating in an abortive revolt.
(I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632), the first known Coureurs des Bois of Kebec, is killed by the Huron for unknown reasons. If the Jesuits are correct in saying he was much addicted to women, then it is highly likely that he was killed for impropriety. Others suggest he sided with the English and that being the reason he was killed. Still others suggest he killed another man and was killed for that reason. He left a Huron Country Wife and Metis children who were lost to history.
The Jesuits Fathers (I)-Antoine Daniel (1601-1648) and Ambrose Davost (1586-1643) went to Cape Breton this year, then moved to Fort Kebec in 1633.
(I)-Nicolas Denys Bras d’Or (1598-1688), a La Rochelle Merchant, sailed for La Have (Bridgewater, Nova Scotia), Acadia and would spend the next forty years trying to develop new colonies. They, Isaac de Razilly and Denys, first established a fur trading post then established fishing establishment at Port Rossignol (Liverpool, Nova Scotia). They also started a lumbering venture.
The (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) and Herbert family is believed to be the first slave owners in New France.
(I)- Isaac de Razilly (1587-1635) with 300 soldiers and settlers arrived to reoccupy Acadia. Included are Charles De Menou, sieur d’Aulnay, Charmisy and likely Nicolas Denys. They founded a new colony at La Heve on September 8.
Father Gabriel Sagard wrote: The French themselves, better educated and raised in the school of faith, are becoming Savages for no better reason than that they live with the Savages. Father Paul Le Jeune wrote: Let no one be astonished at these acts of barbarism. Before the faith was received in Germany, Spain or England, those nations were not more civilized. Both these men had no understanding of the attraction for the Coureurs de Bois. Freedom, adventure and democracy, terms the French could not understand.
King Charles I of England effectively sold their interest in New France and L’Acadie to France for $240,000. The St. Lawrence River has been closed to Frenchmen during the past three years.
Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), of France, excluded the Recollets from New France, opening the field to complete Jesuit control. The Jesuits were to assimilate by civilizing and were to convert to French/Roman Catholic Christianity, the Savages of the New World. They had very little success but would continue towards this end until the mid to late twentieth century.
The Couillard-Hébert family receives the first slave of the colony. He is a Black boy from the West Indies. The historian Marcel Trudel has counted 4092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2692 were Indians (the favorites of French-speakers) and 1400 Blacks (the favorites of English-speakers) owned by approximately 1400 masters. The region of Montréal dominates with 2077 slaves compared to 1059 for Québec and 114 for Trois-Rivières. Many were held by religious orders. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves (31 unions between with Indian slaves and 8 with Black slaves) which means that a number of Québécois today have slaves somewhere in their family trees.
March: The treaty of St. German En Laye restored New France and Acadia to France. New France, for the past three years, was under the rule of English free traders. Acadia Fort La Tour was not taken and much blood was shed before Port Royal, Acadia was returned. William de Caen, a Calvinist, is appointed Governor of New France because he is a man of means. (I)-Isaac de Razilly (1587-1636) was equipped to remove all English and Scots from Acadia by force if necessary. Port Royal promptly surrendered. Acadia is also restored to France, and (I)-William Alexander’s settlement returns to Scotland, except for one or two families who chose to remain among the French and Metis Acadians.
March 27: (I)-Isaac de Launoy de Razilly (1587-1636) and Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), agreed that (I)-Isaac de Razilly (1587-1636) was to take over Port Royal Acadia for the Company of New France. (I)-Isaac de Razilly (1587-1636) settled at Le Heve, built a Fort and brought 40 settlers out. English Governor Winthrop was concerned with the Le Heve Fort and ordered construction of a Fort at Boston, a Fort at Natascott and a plantation at Agawam.
May: (I)-Isaac de Launoy de Razilly (1587-1636) is named Lieutenant General for the King in New France and is granted a tract of land at Ste Croix.
June: (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) is killed by the Hurons, likely near Penetanguishe, Ontario
July: The De Caen’s French ship, on July 4th, is lost in a storm not far from Fort Kebec. The Savages came to see the men, having discovered the abandoned ship grounded in the mud. This year a single French ship arrived at Fort Kebec with Captain Emery de Caen- brother of William, Guillaume Guillemmot, Sieur Duplessis Bouchart (Kerbordo or Quebordo?) with forty men including three Jesuit missionaries, Father Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664), Father Anne de Noue (1587-1646) and a lay brother- Gilbert Burel, but no Recollects. The English, under Kirke, turned Fort Kebec over to Caen. Kirke departed on July 13 with two shiploads of booty. The Hebert family and five other families had been allowed by the English to remain in Fort Kebec to protect their holdings. The Hebert family is likely allowed to remaim because they are Metis. Father Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664), a Jesuit of Huguenot parents, one of the three, in letter, said the Fort at Kebec and some huts on the Island of Hochelaga (Montreal), at Three Rivers and Tadoussac, along with a few fishermen’s log cabins on the St. Lawrence, is about all there is to show for the discovery of New France. The English-French had not only plundered but also burnt a greater part of the buildings. Captain Thomas Ker, a Frenchman, who had gone over to the English with David and Louys Ker, his brothers and one Jacques Michel d-1632, all are Huguenots, were involved in the destruction of Kebec. De Caen says the Kebec inventory of 9,000 beaver skins valued at 40,000 livres is missing. Madam Herbert, her family and most of her farm was intact but the Savages killed her cows. A little Negro and his French family were also left by the English. (I)-Jacques Hertel d-1651 in Canada since 1615 took refuge among the Savages when Kebec was captured and is recorded as the first farmer at Three Rivers. One however is hard pressed to place colonization much before this date. Even this modest toehold would not have been possible were it not for the Coureurs-des-Bois.
July 4: (I)-Charles de Memou d’Aulnay (1596-1650) arrived Acadia and later married Jeanne Motin daughter Louis Motin de Corcelles and Marie De Salins.
July 5: The French De Caen with the Jesuits Father Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) and Father Anne de Noue (1587-1646), arrived at Kebec but the English still occupied the fort.
July 13: The French, (I)-Emery de Caen and du Plessis Bouchart, finally entered Fort Kebec which the English handed over to them.
July 13: Three ships departed France for Acadia with 300 people mostly men but some say there might have been 12-15 women aboard.
August 25: The Canadians arrived Kebec; the Montagnard, the Huron, the Nation of the Bear (Huron), the Tobacco Nation, and the Nation of the Sorcerers (Hiroquois), and many others, arrived in 50 canoes.
September 8: (I)-Issac de Launoy de Razilly (1587-1635), Lieutenant General of New France, with three ships and 12-15 families, but with 300 men arrived at Acadia. Some suggest 40 families are settled at La Have, Acadia but this count must have included the mixed marriages with the Micmac. They built their settlement at La Have, on the site of Riverport, Nova Scotia. A Micmac village was located nearby. Subsidiary communities soon sprang up, Port Rossignel for fishing and Mirligueche for lumbering. (II)-Charles de La Tour (1595-1665) and (I)-Isaac de Razilly d’aulnay (1587-1636) was designated Lieutenant-General of all parts of New France called Canada and the Governor of Acadia, he returned to France, having assumed control of La Have, Port Royal and the Ste Croix region of Acadia. Some early names include Dugas, Gaudet, Landry and Aucoin. Names to arrive later include Lablanc, Cormier, Gallant, Legere, Saunier, Arsenault, Boudreau, Comeau, Robichaud, Theriault and Thibodeau, to name a few of the several hundred colonists. The colonists built dikes to reclaim the fertile lands of the Bay of Funday, rather than clear the forested upland areas. As a result, they posed no threat to the Micmac People and a great friendship grew between the Peoples. Many of the early French settlers took Micmac wives, and La Have was known as an Acadian Metis settlement. It is noteworthy that La Have from 1632 to 1635 was the capital of Acadia.
October 25: The Manitougache (Montagnait) asked shelter for his family as the Hiroquois had been seen near Kebec. The Jesuit said he and his sons are most welcome but girls and women are not allowed to sleep in our house. The Jesuit sleep in the Huron cabins with the men, girls, women and dogs but can’t provide sanctuary for the Huron. The Jesuits would not see that they had just rejected Jesus Christ by rejecting these girls and women. The first Europeans encountered drank blood (red wine) and ate wood (dry biscuits). The French they called Ouemichtigouchiou (man who work in wood). The Savages have long memories.
December 2: The Jesuit say from this date on we were required to wear raquettes (snow shoes). The Savages can jump like bucks or run like deer wearing these raquettes. They make shoes of elk skin that they use with these raquettes.
September 8: Charles Daniel (d-1661) attacked Ochiltree’s settlement, capturing the Fort and the colonists at Baleine, Cape Breton Island..
September 14: Most of the French settlers are deported from Kebec except for five families and 7 interpreters who are living with the Natives.
October 29: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) and the French prisoners reach England.
November 30: (I)-Claude de Saint Etienne de La Tour, (1570-1736+) a prisoner in England since 1628, is enrolled as a baronet of Acadia ( Nova Scotia) and transferred his allegiance to the English.
December: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is in France urging the return of Canada to French control.
1633
One birth is recorded in Kebec, New France.
Barthelemi Bertaut aka Bertault, a gunsmith is listed as single but was involved in 44 court cases in Trois Rivieres
Pierre Bienvenu, savage; It is common practice for the French to give the savages French names. Savages at this time means wild, runners of the woods, free not under control of church or state.
Birth (II)-Jean Galeran Boucher son (I)-Marin Boucher (1589-1671) arrived Kebec 1619, 1st marriage 1625 Julienne Barry; 2nd marriage 1631 Perinne Malet (1606-1687); married September 1, 1650 Kebec, Jean Plante
(I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort is Governor of Trois Rivieres and would assume Governor New France upon the death of Champlain.
(I)-Jean Baptiste Godfroy de Linctot (1608-1681) returns to Kebec this year and is credited by some to be the official founder of Trois Riviers.
General du Plessis Bouchard, is at Tadoussac.
(I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) returned to Kebec this year or next.
(I)-Jean Bigot de Tourouvre, au Perche married 1633 Kebec, Thomine Chastel is in New France 1633 to 1636, however 1st child (II)-Francoise Bigot is born 1632 and 1st married 1647 Charles Guillebout and 2nd married May 8, 1659 Denis Briere, Kebec .
(I)-Jacques Hertel (1603-1651), an interpreter, who took refuge among the Savages when the English captured Kebec is given a land grant at Trois Rivieres, being the first to settle there, he married 1641 Marie Marguerie. This is not likely as Trois Rivieres has been in use since 1615, however mostly as a trading center for the free traders.. Some suggest, 7 to 15 Frenchmen remained in New France during the British occupation.
(I)-Madame Coullart gave birth to a boy child, in Kebec.
De La Tour (a judge of Champlain) married Louise de sauvagesse, according to Tanguay. Date/location not identified.
Pastedechouan, savage was sent to France by the Recollects and is returned to Emery de Caen at Kebec with the name Pierre and he is given to the Jesuits as an interpreter.
Father (I)-Gilbert du Thet, d-1633, a Jesuit is killed by the English at St-Sauveur-Des-Monts, Kebec
Captain Thomas Ker, David Ker, Louis Ker and Jacques Michel all Frenchmen and alleged Huguenots had gone over to the English.
Frenchmen who took country wives were officially listed as single as country marriages were not considered as binding. Many early country marriages were not recorded and their children were recorded as savages.
The Huron said that the Hiroquois had killed three Frenchman this year.
Those Frenchmen who did not produce baptized children are not considered settlers in New France. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) produced no children therefore he was not a settler.
Lawyers are not allowed to immigrate to New France or even visit, by Royal decree. This policy remained in effect until 1765.
The first French ship to return after the English occupation stopped at Basque Scaffold near Tadoussac a place so called because the Basque go there to catch whales.
The French teach the Savages the art of bleeding to cure illness. Some of the Savages are using the French practice of blood letting to allow evil spirits to escape the body.
The Montagnard say he who made everything is called Atahocan. Others say the Manitou is God. They say Messou restored the world after it was lost in the waters (deluge) that drowned the whole world.
The Jesuits are now in full control, having effectively replaced the Recollect-Franciscans. They have a pathological desire to create a religious monopoly, with the state being sub-servant to Rome. This year marks an end to a century long quest by the Huguenots to establish a colony in Canada. Huguenots had to convert to Roman Catholic to remain in New France.
The Jesuits claim humility is born of truth, vanity of errors and falsehood. The Savages (Montagnais) claim liberty is by ‘right of Birth’. The Jesuits say they are real buffoons. It is noteworthy that the Jesuit in the future are expelled from most countries because of their intrigue and falsehoods.
Louis Amantacha, a Wendat (Huron), arrived at Fort Kebec and returned for his people who came with some 500 Wendat, followed a little later with 140 canoe furs. The Jesuit wished to return with the Wendat but are refused because they say the Algonquin might kill them. They would be allowed to go the next season.
The Huron (Wendat) are competitors with the Algonquin over the fur trade. Rumors abound that the Jesuits are more interested in beaver-skin than winning souls.
The Jesuit have two cows, two little heifers, and a little bull. They have two fat sows with 4 suckling little pigs. Monsieur (I)-Robert Giffard de Moncel (1587-1668) also has a cow.
It is estimated that 30,000 furs are being traded to the Dutch, exhausting the supply of furs in Iroquois territory. The Iroquois attacked the French on the St. Lawrence above Kebec, killing two French and wounding four others.
A party of French pirates plunder the English at Penobscott, Maine and said they were from the Isle of Rhe. It is believed (II)-Charles La Tour, (1595-1665) is believed behind this attack. They encountered an English sahallop commanded by Dixy Bull and robbed him of his goods. Dixy Bull as a result turned pirate and plundered Pemaquid, Maine. The English spent two months trying to find him without success.
More ships arrive La Have, Acadia with men and supplies but no women.
February 28: Kebec, birth (II)-Marie Couillard, Metis, daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis (1606-1684); 1st married October 25, 1648, Kebec, Francois Bissot: 2nd marriage September 7, 1675, Jacques De Lalande. Marguerite Lesage, wife of (I)-Nicolas Pivert is godmother to Marie Couillard.
March 1: Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), commanded (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) to take control of Fort Kebec with two hundred colonists including Fathers (I)-Antoine Daniel (1601-1648), (I)-Ambroise Davost (1586-1643), Father (I)-Ememond Masse and Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649). Sieur (I)-Jean de Bourdon arrived, an engineer and surveyor in the service of the crown. The objective is two fold: to harvest furs and souls.
April: The Jesuits were amazed at the harmony among and between the savage families living in such close proximity. The French would be squabbling all the time. They noted that the savage women have an equal voice in important matters. A man may promise you something, and, if he does not keep his promise, he thinks he is sufficiently excused when he tells you that his wife did not wish to do it. I told him then that he was the master, and that in France women do not rule their husbands. The Jesuit would try to overturn the culture of the country.
April: The Frenchmen from Old France are astonished that the Jesuit say nothing about the conversion of the Savages during the many years that they have been in New France. The Jesuit list numerous feeble reasons for their lack of progress. The Savages say the French are worthless, they are wicked men, they do not tell us what you, Father Eschom (Brebeuf), tell them, and never the less it is of importance that we ought to talk of it at the Council of the whole land. The implications are if the French traders don’t believe the Jesuit why should the Huron. It is noteworthy that the Savages listen to reason readily, not that they always follow it, but generally they urge nothing against a reason which carries convection in their mind. The Jesuit however often do not respond to reason especially if it contradicts pre-established beliefs about New France. Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649).was given the name Eschom when he visited the Huron this year. He likely departed from the trading post at Trois Rivieres. The Huron planted corn but only two families had stored any corn.
May 14: (I)- Olivier Le Jeune (d-1654), a Negro slave, named Oliver Le Jeune d-1654 belonging to (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) is baptized at Fort Kebec. The Kirk brothers had abandoned him. Others suggest he was sold to Couillard.
May 14: Kebec, baptism, a Negro slave from Madagascar, who was sold by the English Captain Ker, a Frenchman, for fifty ecur to Le Bailly. Le Bailly eventually presented him to another family that is settled in Kebec.
May 19: News reached Kebec that an English ship had entered Tadoussac, (Quebec) a few days ago. They did not know if it was a trading vessel or if France and England was again at war. Everyone was upon his guard.
May 22: Kebec, three ships arrived, the Saint Piere at 150 tonnage, captain Pierre Gregoire, the Saint Jean at 160 tonnage, captain Pierre de Nesle and the Don-de-Dieu at 90 tonnage, captain Pierre Morieult.
May 22: Monsieur Emery de Caen gave the keys of Fort Kebec to Monsieur General du Plessis Bouchard who delivered them next year to Monsieur Samuel de Champlain (1570-1635), to take command of the ships according to the decree of Monseigneur the Cardinal.
May 23: France reclaims Kebec.
May 30: An Algonquin killed a Frenchman and is put in chains at Fort Kebec.
May 31: La Nasse, a Savage, reported to the Jesuit that he had a vision (a dream) that some Frenchman would be killed
June 2: The Hiroquois (Agnieeronons) near Trois Rivieres, (Quebec) killed two Frenchmen and wounded four others, one of whom died shortly afterwards, just as the savage La Nasse had dreamed.
June 23: Sieur General du Plessis Bouchard sent word that 12-14 canoes of Sorcerers is at Sainte Croix, 15 leagues above Kebec. A few days earlier a dozen called Iroquet had passed this location with no fear. The French called the Hiroquois Sorcerers because they consulted Manitou (God) who the Jesuit considered as the Devil. It is noteworthy that all the nations had no Devil concept and all consulted the Great Manitou (God) and would eventually also be called Sorcerers by the Jesuit.
June 28: The English are still at Tadoussac (Quebec) trading in brandy.
July 2: A Frenchman is struck down while washing his cloths in a brook near Fort Kebec. He died two days later and a Savage of the Petite Nation who struck him down was captured and taken to the fort.
July 10: The Jesuit received news that a Savage (Algonquian) was sick, a half-league from the Jesuit Residence. They took a canoe to the Savage cabins. They encountered a unnamed Frenchman near the cabins, who said that the Savages did not want to show their child to the French. The Jesuit implied this Frenchman maybe trading in brandy secretly.
July 13: (I)-Emery de Caen b-1606, a Huguenot is appointed Provisional Governor of New France, and he took formal possession this date along with Monsieur General du Plessis Bouchard. Some Frenchmen were still in the woods who do not appear before the others because they had surprised, massacred and eaten their companions. The survivors at Trois Rivieres are in pitiful shape.
August 16: The French ships departed Kebec for Old France.
November 5: The Huron showed the French a palisade village where French resided, the Hiroquois had burned it down and killed the occupants. It was noted that a field was cultivated and Indian corn was growing. This is likely Trois Rivieres?
1634
Two marriages, one birth and one death are recorded in Kebec, New France.
(I)-Simon Baron arrived Kebec 1634
(I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642) one of the more famous Coureur Des Bois is believed to have reached the Mississippi River this year. He always wore a Chinese robe during his travels.
(I)-Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne, b-1607, died August 12, 1697, Trois Rivieres is believed to be at Trois Rivieres this year. He was a syndic of Trois Rivieres, then judge of the seigniory of Champlain, Three Rivers was officially established this year. Some claim Guillaume was born 1620 and arrived Three Rivers 1633. However he was a syndin in 1633 age 13, not likely.
A brother and sister savage are given to the Jesuits who name them Brehault.
During the winter of 1633/1634 the Basque had left a boy at Gaspe to learn the language but the savages had him killed and ate him.
(II)-Jean Bigot, (most likely Metis), b-1634, Kebec, died September 24, 1648, Kebec son (I)-Jean Bigot de Tourouvre, au Perche who married 1633 Kebec, Thomine Chastel is in New France 1633 to 1636, however 1st child (II)-Francoise Bigot (most likely Metis) is born 1632 and 1st married 1647 Charles Guillebout and 2nd married May 8, 1659 Denis Briere, Kebec, 2nd child Jean born this year.
(II)-Pierre Boucher (1622-1717) son (I)-Gaspard Boucher and Nicole Lamaine, arrived this year Kebec with his family, he married April 8, 1649 Kebec his first wife Marie Madeleine (Chretienne) Ouebaddinoukoue, a Huron Indian girl, they had a son (III)-Jacques Boucher b-1650; his second marriage July 9, 1652 Kebec is (II)-Jeannie Crevier, b-1636 daughter (I)-Christophe Crevier Sieur de la Mesle and Jeanne Enard b-1619. He settled Trois Rivieres, likely about 1645, but may have located his Metis family at Trois Rivieres in 1642/43 while working Kebec. It’s noteworthy that sauvagesse married to Frenchmen were not welcome in Kebec unless they were baptized. Now Governor Pierre had the idea of creating a new people by the union of French men and Indian women. So it is likely his second wife was at least a Metis woman.
(I)-Martin Boucher (1589-1671) arrived Kebec 1634, married 1st. February 7, France Julienne Baril, d-1727; 2nd marriage 1628, France, (I)-Pierrine Mallet (1604-1687). Three child arrive with family (II)-Francois Boucher, b-1618, married September 3, 1641, Kebec, Florence Gareman; (II)-Louis Martin Boucher, b-1630 and (II)-Jean Galleran Boucher, b-1633.
(I)-Jasper Bouchard arrived Kabec 1634
(I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort, commandant of the new trading post at Trois Riveres, whose commission, likely since 1632, had been in the hands of (I)-Paul Le Jeune, (1591-1664) Superior of the Jesuits in New France. It is noteworthy that some believed Chasteaufort received his commission in 1630 but didn’t exercise it until 1634. Others suggest Monsieur de Maupertus was in charge of the trading post at Trois Rivieres (1635-1636). Could this be a reference to the old vs. new trading posts?
(I)-Jean Burbon arrived Kebec 1634
(I)-Zacharie Cloutier (1590-1677) married July 18, 1616, France, (I)-Xainte Dupont, arrived Kebec with a family of 7 this year.
(I)-Pierre Cluster arrived Kebec 1634
(I)-Jean Coste arrived Kebec 1634
(I)-Simon Baron, a Jesuit donnes and self taught surgeon arrived Kebec
(I)-Jean Cote (1603-1661) arrived Kebec 1634, married November 17, 1635, Kebec, (II)-Anne Martin daughter (I)-Abraham Martin and savage and/or Marquerite Langlois, b-1611, see 1624
(I)-Pierre Drouet a carpenter, died March 6, 1635, arrived Trois Rivieres to work for (I)-Nicolas Goupil, Sieur Laviolette (1604-1660), some suggest Nicolas Goupil and Laviolette are two different persons. Tanguay suggest Laviolette is an alias for Goupil.
Louis Amantacha Sainte Foy, a savage baptized in France is returned to Kebec.
(I)-Jean Guton (Guyon) (Dion) dit DuBuisson (1592-1663) married June 2, 1615, France (I)-Mathurine Madeleine Robin,d-1662, this family of 8 arrived Kebec this year. Or is this the (I)-Jean Guyon who arrived Kebec 1619?? Very suspicious!
(I)-Guillaume Guillemot, sieur Duplessis Bouchard aka Duplessis Quebodo a lieutenant of Emery de Caen transported (I)-Robert Giffard’s de Moncel (1587-1668) colony to Beauport and helped in the foundation of Trois Rivieres.
(I)-Jean Guyon, sieur du Buisson, a mason and educated man from Perche married Madeleine Boule
(I)-Noel Juchereau des Chastelets, arrived Kebec 1634
Manitouchatche La Nasse, a Savage is baptized a relative of Pierre Antoine, Savage.
Monsieur de Lauson is at Trois Rivieres this year.
(I)-Robert Lecorg arrived Kebec 1634
Sasousmat Marsolet, b-1605/09, a Savage is baptized and given the surname Marsolet.
(I)-Jacques Michel, a French Huguenot who brought the English to Kebec, died this year in Kebec.
Sieur (I)-Oliver is at Kebec (an interpreter of the Algonquins?).
(I)-Francois Petit Pre a Jesuit engage is captured by the Hiroquois in the spring of this year. He managed to escape to the Huron Nation.
Father (I)-Nicolect, a Recolect is believed to have been drowned by the Huron. This must apply to pre 1629 as the Recollet are not allowed into New France after 1632. This would be Father Nicolas Viel d-1625. He produced the first dictionary of the Huron Language.
Under the orders of (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), (I)-Nicolas Goupil, Sieur of Laviolette (1604-1660) travels to the mouth of the Saint-Maurice river to found a fur trading post and a fort. It will come to be known as Trois-Rivières. For a long time, this site will be one of the most advantageous for the activities of fur traders. Tanguay suggests Laviolette is an alias for Goupil, others however suggest Nicolas Goupil & Laviolette are two different persons.
By this year, more than 50 seigneuries were assigned along the St. Lawrence River. The seigneur or lord had to declare himself a vassal of the King. The soil belonged to the seigneur, but the King held the title to all lands. The King retained the mineral or subsoil rights and all oak trees on the property. The peasant settlers could only rent the land and were servants of the lord.
Cap de la Madeleine near Trois Rivieres (established July 1, 1634) is established this year and becomes the home of many Metis People..
Between 1634 and August 1663, while the colony was governed by the Compagnie des Cent Associes, about 262 filles a marier (marriageable girls) were recruited by individuals or by private religious groups who paid their travel expenses and provided for their lodging until they were married. It is noteworthy that savage girls sent to France for an education could return to Quebec under the Fille a Marier program or the Fille du Roi program. An interesting observation in the 1663-1665 lists of girls, was that no documentation followed the girls. They could in effect select their name and place of birth, which some did. It is also interesting that dit names often represents the given name taken at one time, that conflicts with a previous name given. If there is no conflict then dit is not used but there is no assurance the name given is correct. It is noteworthy that the good sisters prided themselves in the educated of a savage girl in reading and writing French, dressed as the French, learned the manners and home skills like sewing, cooking then you couldn’t tell them from the French girls. It stands to reason they would instruct them in selecting suitable names and birth places so as to attract the highest caliber Frenchmen in New France.
The brothers (I)-Noel Juchereau and (I)-Jean Juchereau de Meur are the first to hold the title seigneur. Some are given seigneurs, while others must buy them. Others suggest that (I)-Robert Giffard de Moncel (1587-1668) was the first to become a seigneur by obtaining the fief of Beauport a few miles below Kebec. Others to follow are Pierre Legardeau de Repentigny, Charles Legardeaur de Tilly, (I)-Jacques Le Neuf De la Poterie b-1606 and brother (I)-Michel Le Neuf du Herisson (1601-1642). It is noteworthy that the Jesuits also brought workmen, laborers and settlers to bring their seigneur lands into production.
The Huron People very reluctantly allowed the Jesuits to live among them. The people believed that maintaining harmony with nature and between other peoples was the highest order of existence. They believed the Jesuits offered disharmony, universal guilt, a vengeful God, sexual self-denial (which was one of the principle causes of illness), the fundamental inadequacy of man and the eternal fires of damnation. These were all very strange concepts and were alien to the People’s very ancient traditions that predated Christianity. As a Huron Chief said to Jesuit (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649): “You are talking of overthrowing the Country”. In short, freedom and democracy for slavery.
The Jesuit believe there is a divinity that made earth and men, but the People noticed they are more concerned with temples, priests, ceremonies and religious feasts. The Huron have only one wife, they don’t marry relatives, they believe in the immortality of the soul, they believe animals are immortal and have souls.
The Jesuit Father (I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) attempted to ridicule a Montagnis Shaman, but only brought ridicule upon himself and his Church. The Jesuit (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) is amazed that the unhappy Savages do not know what the fires of Hell mean. (I)-Robert Giffard de Moncel (1587-1668), master surgeon, received a Seigniory at Beauport from the Company of New France. He is employing seven men to clear the land. A fur trader named (I)-La Violette and others occupy Trois Riviers (Quebec). These woodsmen, whom the Jesuits considered as having gone native, had fallen into the habit of making Trois Rivieres their winter quarters. The custom of wearing white scarves had already developed, whereas Fort Kebec woodsmen used red. Flamboyant dress, to these voyager traders, is a symbol of their freedom: a badge of honor. It is also noteworthy that home-brewed beer and wine made from domestic fruits are already commonly consumed.
The officials finally recognize Trois Rivieres, (Quebec), a trading center, upstream from Fort Kebec at the mouth of the Saint Maurice River, by building a fort in this location. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), to confirm this recognition, built a fort forty miles upriver at Trois Riviers, he says, to check the Free-trading English seamen who had established trade during the French absence. The Fort is intended to ensure French Free-traders deal with Fort Kebec and not the English. Trois Rivieres remains the most popular starting point for exploration. The Company of one Hundred associates, created and controlled by Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), granted six arpents of land to the Jesuit.
THE KNOWN INHABITANTS OF TROIS RIVIERES
Trois Rivieres existed as fur trading post since 1615 but the period of 1629 to 1632 only included
Jack Hertel (1603-1651) who stayed during the English occupation and therefore was given a land grant in 1634 at Trois Rivieres, he is considered as the first settler and founder of Trois Rivieres. He is recorded at Trois Rivieres in 1633
Guillaume Isabel, was awarded 24 arpents of land at Trois Rivieres so it is likely he was here during the English occupation
Two unnamed Frenchmen are killed near Trois Rivieres, in 1633
There likely are up to 7 Frenchmen at Trois Rivieres during the English occupation but their names were not recorded because some practiced cannibalism.
Those who were at Trois Rivieres in 1633 are:
Marc Antoine de Brasdefer de Chateaufort, who was assumed to be governor of Trois Rivieres but his tenure was (1636-1639)
Barthelemi Birtaut aka Bertault
Jean Baptiste Godfroy de Linctot (1608-1681)
Maurice Marguerise
New folks who were at Trois Rivieres in 1634 are:
General du Plessis Bouchard some contend he was Sieur Laviolette (1604-1660)
(I)-Nicolas Goupil?, Sieur Laviolette (1604-1660) was governor Trois Rivieres (1634-1636), He arrived Trois Rivers July 1, 1634 to build a fort and returned to France April 17, 1636. It is noteworthy that Laviolette is a dit nickname used by many folks at the time.
(I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer Commandant Trois Rivieres, commisiond in 1630 but arrived 1634, Governor (1636-1639)
Maupertus Commandant Trois Rivieres (1635-1636)
Pierre Droulet, d-1635
Larson
The Jesuits were assigned 6 arpents of land at Trois Rivieres but didn’t occupy it until 1637. However Trois Rivieres was used as a staging point to the interior missions.
New folks who were at Trois Rivieres in the fort proper. (1635-1649) first listed dates are from my records and may not be arrival date. You can go to that date and see my first entry. Keep in mind those who had no children were not considered as settlers, those who never married might not be listed, Coureur de Bois were usually not listed and Metis were excluded from most records.
Jacques Aubuchon, d-1681, first listed 1647
Mathurin Baillargeon, b-1626, first recorded 1650
Pierre Boucher (1622-1717) arrived 1634, went to Huron country, 1642 in Quebec, at Trois Rivieres 1645 Indian wife and family 1642?
Emery Cailleteau, (1606-1653), first listed 1647
Chapelle de Jesuits, listed 1637
Martin Chauvin, b-1619, first recorded 1649
Claude David (1621-1681), first listed 1649
Antoine Desrosiers, first listed 1636
Sebastien Dodier Sr.?, first listed 1645
Sebastien Dodier Jr.?, first listed 1645
Bertrand Fafard dit Laframboise (1620-1660), first listed 1645
Thomas Godfroy de Normandville, d-1652, first recorded 1641
Pierre Guillet, b-1626 and brother Mathurin Guillet, both first recorded 1649
Elie Grimard, first recorded 1638
Jean Houdan dit Gaillarbois, no record
Claude Houssaya, no record
Guillaume Isabel, listed 1636 awarded 24 arpents of land
Pierre Michel Lefebvre (1616-1697), first listed 1645
Le fiel Pachirini, no record
Guillaume Pepin dit Tranchemontagne (1607-1697), first listed 1634
Martin de Repentigny, b-1619, first listed 1647
Jean Sauvaget, no record
Etienne Seigneuret (1620-1677), first listed 1647
Gilles Trottier, (1691-1655), first listed 1646
Jean Veron dit Grandmesnil, first listed 1646
Etienne Vien, (1613-1653), first listed 1653
The Island of Miskou, in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence is visited by fishermen from France, Portugal, Italy and many other regions.
Champlain arrived and fears the Savages are continuing trading with the English. Sieur Oliver, the interpreter, is in Kebec.
Meanwhile, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) sends (I)-Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (1598-1742) to live among the tribes boarding the Great Lakes. Father (I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664), the first superior of the Jesuit order in New France, suggested the making of beer and the building of a brewery. He also wintered with a hunting band of Montagnis. He found the experience extremely trying and concluded that the natives needed to be settled for conversion. He failed to learn their language. The Jesuit (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) and two companions traveled to the Huron Country.
Four French vessels arrived with workmen and included (I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1858) and his family. Eight families, in total, arrived this year. (I)-Gaspard Boucher arrived with his son (II)-Pierre Boucher (1622-1717) who settled 1643 or 1645 at Trois Rivieres. Pierre would spend 1637-1641 living at Huronia, assisting the missionaries. The Jesuit sent three recruits: Father (I)-Charles Lalemant (1587-1674), Father (I)-Jacques Buteux (1599-1652) and (I)-Jean Liegeois (1600-1655)- a lay brother. A missionary is sent to Trois Rivieres (Quebec). Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) and Father (I)-Antoine Daniel (1601-1648) departed for Trois Rivieres. Commander (I)-du Plessis-Bouchard, (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) Sieur de L’Espinay son in law (I)-Louis Hebert, (1575-1627) and Father (I)-Ambrose Davost (1586-1643) later departed for Trois Rivieres to meet the Wendat (Huron) coming down for trade. Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) attempted to secure passage with the Wendat into their country but The Partridge an Algonquian forbid them to take the Jesuits. After much discussion and threats, three Frenchmen, Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649), (I)-Fathers Antoine Daniel (1601-1648) and a Frenchman called (I)-Le Baronare, are allowed to enter the west to take over the Recollets mission to the Hurons. Father (I)-Ambrose Davost (1586-1643) managed to secure passage with a later fur trading party of Wendat. (I)-Jean Nicolet of Belleborne (1598-1642) also departed west about this time and would reach Wisconsin. (I)-Robert Le Coq ,a lay person, also traveled to Huronia and eventually became the Jesuit businessman of the Mission.
The Huron are decimated by disease and their numbers have been reduced by 12,000 to 15,000 persons since the arrival of the Black Robes. In every hut the Black Robes visit death follows. Where they don’t visit there is no sickness. The Jesuits do not see the trend or the cause and effect relationships as the Indians do. They are blinded by what they believe is an opportunity to save souls. The Huron begin to drive out the Jesuit with sticks and stones. The elders cry for their death, as they are accused of practicing sorcery.
Sillery, (Quebec) became the first Indian reservation in Canada funded by (I)-Noel Brulart de Sillary (1577-1640), but it failed by 1680 due to alcoholism, epidemic and difficulties adapting to a sedentary existence. The French are hoping the savages will give up their culture, religion and way of life to become ‘civilized’ farmers. It is noteworthy that these savages have been farming for over 5,000 years and have developed over 55% of all known food crops in the world. They also showed the French how to farm in Canada.
Father (I)-Jean de Quen (1603-1659) is erroneously credited with being the first to discover the Great Lake Pickouagham (Lake St. Jean) above Tadoussac, (Quebec) but a map produced in 1544 by Jean Alfonse shows this lake.
The engages of Kebec do not know where the Country of the Huron is, but these potential Coureurs des Bois would rather go to the Country of the Huron than to any other earthly paradise.
Three new families also arrived from France. The Huron (Wendat) arrived for trade, and the Jesuit party soon departed for the interior. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) told the Huron (Wendat) that as soon as they embraced the faith, the French would marry their daughters. It is noteworthy that the Jesuit refused to perform such marriages for fear the French would sink into the barbarism of the Savages. This is likely the beginning of the country marriage tradition in Canada. The Huron (Wendat) country, for a second year, experienced a drought, as though the Great Spirit was unhappy with the Jesuits being in that region. The Huron (Wendat) believed that the Jesuits were trying to destroy their people and ordered the cross be taken down. Seven years earlier, a cross had been raised in the same land and famine had followed.
The Jesuit College opened at Kebec, giving instruction in French, Huron, Latin and Montagnais. The Jesuits, Father (I)-Charles Lalemant (1587-1674), (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) and (I)-Ememond Masse, arrival greatly affected the daily lives of the colonies and the Natives.
Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) commented on the men of his village who returned from a contest with another tribe. They are marching in bare feet in the snow, having lost their footwear, yet they are all in high spirits. Brebeuf visited 20 villages and estimates it represents 30,000 souls.
(II)-Charles LaTour, (1595-1665) disposed a company at Machias, (Maine) who had a trading house, killing two men and plundering their goods. (II)-Charles is Governor of Acadia, but a feud has developed with Charles de Menou de Charnizay aka Chevalier d’Aulnay d-1650 which culminates in 1645 when, Charles de Menou de Charnizay aka Chevalier d’Aulnay d-1650 burns down his property, kills his men and is responsible for his second wife’s death.
January 1: The ship Mary & Jane is stranded on Sable Island.
January 15: (I)-Robert Giffard de Beauport (1587-1658) obtained a concession to Beauport, Kebec.
January 19: Louys Saincte Foy is at the Nutural Nation.
February: The Jesuits report a Frenchman had wintered with the savages last year.
February 15: Six arpents of land at Trois Rivieres (Quebec) including seigniorial rights is given to the Jesuit but did not take possession until 1637. The merchants contend the Jesuit is only interested in land, furs and power.
March: (I)-Robert Giffard de Beauport (1587-1658), his wife and his children and about thirty colonists depart France for New France. Among them:
(I)-Jean Guyon du Boisson married 1634 Madeleine Boule
(I)-Zacharie Cloutier, (1590-1677) married Xainte Dupont (1596-1677), established Chateau Richer
(I)-Noel Langlois, (1606-1634) married 1634 Francoise Grenier (Garnieu), d-1665
(I)-Jean Juchereau de Maure (1592-1672)
(I)-Marin Boucher (1589-1671) married 1625 Julienne Barry
March 31: Some of the Savages are fearful of being poisoned by the French. When asked why, they said the English or French said the French would try to poison them.
April 5: The Montaignais savages reported the Huron had taken some Frenchmen prisoner to kill them for spreading diseases among the people.
March 13: Academie Francaise was established. Its task was to preserve the purity of the French language, which included maintaining a dictionary. Members came to be known as the “immortals”.
April 30: (I)-Jean Perrault and (I)-Andre (Antoine) Richard b-1600 arrived Kebec.
May 19: A French ship is reported at Tadoussac and three English ships are also there.
May 21: The Champlain party arrived at Fort Kebec, landing first at Tadoussac (Quebec). A few original settlers are claimed to still be at the Fort (Kebec) upon their arrival. (I)-Francois Marguerie, an interpreter, had been living with the Savages during the occupation and would receive a large grant of land in Trois Rivieres (Quebec) for his loyalty. The first Trois Rivieres (Quebec) settler is recorded as (I)-Jacques Hertel this year. Keep in mind a settler is one who has had a child baptized. Singles don’t qualify. Country marriages and Metis offspring also don’t qualify as settlers.
May 22: Kebec, four ships arrived led by captain du Plessart, captain Bontemps, captain Pierre de Neslf, and captain Deville. Lormel is captain of an English ship taken by the French. A bark lands independently. They contained 43 colonists of which 8 are the (I)-Jean Guyon (1592-1663) family and Champlain is among them..
May 23: Champlain arrived in Kebec with three ships loaded with supplies, workmen, a few soldiers, and even some women and children. Three Jesuits had returned the previous year.
May 24: Eighteen canoes of Savages descended to Kebec, but, sieur Samuel de Champlain (1570-1635), suspecting that they might go on to the English, who have three vessels at Tadoussac (Quebec) and a bark far up the Saint Lawrence River. Sieur Oliver, the interpreter, is sent to the cabins of the Savages to convince them not to trade to the French enemy, the English. The Savages did visit Kebec.
May 25: Sieur de Champlain (1570-1635) fearing the loss of trade made his famous speech; “when that great house (fort with an enclosed village) shall be built, (among the People), then our young men will marry your daughters, and we will be one people.” The Savages said if that should happen, we would be vary happy. The expectation was that the French would convert to their culture as Coureurs des Bois as that is the way of the Country. The expectations of the French was that the Savages would settle down in compounds near the French and become French converts.
May 26: Three days after (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived in Kebec, the Canadians (Metis, and Algonquin) from Trois Rivieres, (Quebec) led by Kepitant, came in crowds for the usual bartering. There were eighteen canoes. Kepitant had been trading with the English for guns to defend themselves from the Iroquois who had guns. Some of the Canadians suggested they are on their way to trade with the English. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) feared they might proceed to Tadoussac (Quebec) to trade with the English. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) promised the Canadians that when the great house is built, our young men will marry your daughters and we shall be one people. Kepitant did not believe the words of Champlain.
May 31: A shallop from Tadoussac arrived Kebec bringing news that three vessels of the Associates had arrived. A 4th ship with General du Plessis Bouchard, General of the fleet also arrived. Captain Bontemps had captured an English ship. It is noteworthy that General Bouchard was fully aware of the trading center (or town as the Jesuits called it) of Trois Rivieres and its name before Champlain decided to build a fort in that location.
May 31: Kebec, arrival (I)-Louis Henry Pinguet (1590-1671) and wife (I)-Louise Lousche Boucher b-1589 and family:
(II)-Francoise Bouchier (1625-1661), married November 7, 1645, Pierre Launay (1645-1654), 2nd marriage 1655 Vincent Poirier
(II)-Pierre Boucher (1629-1704), married Anne Chevalier
(II)-Noel Pinguet (1630-1685) married Marie Madeliene Du Point
May 31: Kebec, arrived (I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1658) others suggested d-1668 ( a cousin of (I)-Louis Henry Pinguet (1590-1671) above) and wife Marie Regnouard (1610-1665) This is the second trip to Kebec for Robert, first time he tried to marry an Indian girl but was refused in 1628.
June 4: Kebec, Captain de Nesle arrived Kebec with monsieur (I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1668), seigneur de Beauport, arrived Kabec June 4, 1634, married to (I)-Marie Renouard b-1659, who was pregnant and gave birth to one daughter (II)-Francoise is born June 12, 1634, Kebec (II)-Marie Giffard also born 1634. BUT in one place he says Marie Francoise Giffard is born 1628 in France and another place born 1634 Kebec? (I)-Zacharie Cloutier, d-1677, a carpenter and wife Xainte Dupont (1596-1677) arrived Kebec same date as (I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1668).
June 12: Kebec: birth (II)-Marie Giffard (1634-1657/65) daughter (I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1658/1668), seigneur de Beauport, and (I)-Marie Renouard b-1599/1659 Birth is also listed 1628 France.
June 12: Kebec: birth (II)-Marie Francoise Giffard, died August 11, 1665, Quebec daughter (I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1658/1668) and (I)-Marie Renouard b-1599/1659: married November 21, 1645, Jean Junchereau. However Tanguay says she was born 1628 Kebec which sounds more likely.
June 24: Kebec Noel Langlois (1603/06-1684) arrived Kebec and married July 1634 Francoise Garnier (Grenier), Algonquin Metis d-1665.
June 24: Captain Morieult arrived Kebec.
June 24: The English ship, commanded by de Lormel arrived Kabec.
July: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) would established a fort at Trois Rivieres (Quebec) to protect the fur trade as the Huron and Algonquin frequent this location. There was great concern that some of the trade was going to the English from Trois Rivieres.
July: A young French Huguenot boy drowned right in front of Fort Kebec. A young man Bengalese who was baptized in France but originally from East Indies is laying sick in Kebec.
July 1: (I)- Nicolas Goupil?, Sieur Laviolette (1604-1660) arrived Trois Rivieres and was governor Trois Rivieres (1634-1636). He immediately commenced building a fort starting with a stockade. He departed New France April 17, 1636 to France. It is noteworthy that Laviolette is a dit nickname used by many folks at the time, his real name is unknown. Sieur Laviolette (1604-1660) was appointed and commissioned as de la Violette by Samuel de Champlain.
July 1: Father Breboeuf and Father Daniel left in a bark for Trois Rivieres to meet the Huron. They were to make a mission at Trois Rivieres. Father Davost from Tadoussac accompanied General du Plessis Bouchard who wanted to see the settlement and trading post at Trois Rivieres.
July 1: (I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne (1598-1642) departed Kebec with two fleets of canoes bound for Trois Rivieres, he was in the second fleet which was to explore the Upper Country. Both canoe fleets were involved in building a fort at Trois Rivieres. (I)-Jean went on to Lake Huron, Sault St. Marie, Lake Superior, the Straits of Mackinaw, Lake Michigan and Green Bay. He wore Chinese robes among the Winnebago (Winnipegou), the People of the Sea expecting to meet Chinese Mandarins. He only met the Dakota and Sioux but learned of the Missisepe (Mississippi) Great River. Some suggest he discovered the Mississippi but it was likely the Wiconsia River.
July 2: A Frenchman was struck down by a savage of the Petite Nation who says he was drunk when he struck the blow.
July 4: Some contend (I)-Nicolas Goupil, Sieur dit Laviolette (1604-1660) was governor Trois Rivieres from 1634 to 1636 but (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort was recorded as Governor Trois Rivieres 1630-1635 and Governor New France for 1/2 year in 1636 then back as commandant for Trois Rivieres. In fact its hard to find and reference to (I)-Nicolas Goupil, Sieur dit Laviolette (1604-1660) or any man named Goupil or sieur Laviolette in this time period. The Jesuit Relations does say that (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort was Governor of Trois Rivieres for some time before assuming the Governorship of New France.
July 4: Louts Amantacha, a Huron savage is baptized in France and returned to Kebec.
July 4: Father Brebeauf records that when he arrived Trois Rivieres a trading post already existed in this location. Only eleven Huron canoes are at Trois Rivieres, at this time, when he arrived, due to threats from the Hiroquois. Brebeauf records that General du Plessis Bouchard arrived July 5, 1634. It is noteworthy that General du Plessis Bouchard upon arriving May 31, 1634 at Tadoussac, his first order of business was to visit the settlement of Trois Rivieres. It would appear that France was well aware of Trois Rivieres before and during the English occupation. Champlain likely complained in 1629 of those free traders, out of Trois Riviers, who trade with the English.
July 4: Trois Rivieres is claimed to officially established by (I)-Nicolas Goupil, Sieur dit Laviolette (1604-1660). some suggest Nicolas Goupil & Laviolette are two different people. HOWEVER (I)-Jacques Hertel (1603-1651) is the first official land owner and first settler, so he qualifies as the person who officially established Trois Rivieres and not Laviolette. Others claim Champlain officially established Trois Rivieres because he ordered construction of the fort.. The first records at Trois Rivieres commenced from this date with the arrival of the Jesuits. Activity from 1615 to 1634 birth, marriage and death goes mostly unreported, however at least 7 Frenchmen resided at Trois Rivieres during the English occupation 1629-1632 until the return in 1634 of Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635). It is also noteworthy that the Jesuits claim a town already exists at Trois Rivieres, therefore Laviolette cannot be claimed to have founded the town. The Jesuits also recorded the name of this town was Trois Rivieres. It is noteworthy that the Jesuit Relations makes no reference to a Nicolas Goupil or a sieur Laviolette, which they would surly have done, if he was a person of importance.
July 4: An Algonquain Captain, called The Partridge, who lives in the town of Trois Rivieres advised the Huron not to take the Frenchmen into the country. He expressed concern that if a Frenchman died among the Huron, the good will between the Huron and French would be lost. Monsieur General du Plessis Bouchard, arrived Trois Rivieres during these discussions. General du Plessis Bouchard assured them that the good will would not be lost and the Algonquain were satisfied. But the Huron being smaller in numbers were not willing. General du Plessis Bouchard and Monsieur de I’Espimay traded porcelain and tobacco for a place for 6 Frenchmen. However when the Huron were about to depart they said they would only take 3 Frenchmen. One Long Robe and two young men (Petit Pre & la Baron). La Baron had already spent a year among the Huron. Petit Pre gave up his place to allow Father Daniel to take his place. The Fathers agreed to paddle and take limited luggage. Father Davost and five Frenchmen remained behind at Trois Rivieres. Howevewr General du Plessis Bouchard placed Father Davost and the five Frenchmen with the next arriving Huron. Father Daniel would die this month from starvation. (I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642) is with Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) in Huron country. Brebeuf is told by the Heron that Le Borge of the Island told the Huron that on account of the death of Brule, Champlain demanded four heads..
July 5: At Trois Rivieres only 11 Huron canoes are available to embark 10 additional French and their goods to Huron Country. The Bissiriniens however arrived and reluctantly agreed to deliver some of the Jesuit party to Huron Country. Monsieur General du Plessis Bouchard, Monsieur Oliver, Monsieur Coullart and (I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642) assisted at Trois Rivieres.
July 12: Kebec, marriage (I)-Robert Drouin (1606-1685) to (II)-Anne Cloutier, died February 3, 1648, Kebec
July 12: Monsieur the Chevalier La Roche Jacquelin commanded the ship Sainct Jacques and cast anchor before Kebec.
July 14: Kebec, Marguerite Memichtigouchiouiscourou meaning ‘wife of a Eurpean’, b-1633 an Algonqauin.
July 25: Kebec, marriage, (I)-Noel Langlois dit Boisverdum, pilote (1606-1684), arrived Kebec 1634, 1st married Francoise Grenier (Garnier), Algonquin Metis, born Hochelaga (Montreal) area, died November 1, 1665, Quebec. No marriage contract was found. (Francoise could be a Native or Metis? but most likely a sauvagesse but with a French name likely Metis or adopted?) some of their children are Robert Langlois, Metis b-1635, Marie Langlois, Metis b-1636, Anne Langlois, Metis b-1737, Mareguerite Langlois Metis, b-1639 etc. all born Kebec. A second marriage July 27, 1666 Chateau Richer, Quebec Marie Crevet, veuve de Robert Caron and one child, Marie Anne is born.
July 27: Louys de Saincte Foy, surnamed by the Savage Amantacha is sent by Sieur de Champlain (1570-1635) to ensure the Huron come to trade. The Algonquian are trying to discourage the Huron from coming down to Kebec, saying the French will kill them because they killed (I)-Etienne Brusle (Brule) (1592-1632/33). Louys says (I)-Etienne Brusle (Brule) (1592-1632/33), who had been murdered, he was not looked upon as a Frenchman, because he had left his nation and gone over to the English. The Algonquian intended to get the merchandise from the Huron at a very low price, in order afterwards to come themselves and trade it either to the French or English. As a result 500-700 Huron arrived Kabec to trade. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) assured the Savages that, “having given them their word, they would keep it.”
July 27: Six French are reported living with the Huron in the extreme northern part of present Simcoe County (Ontario).
August: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) rebuilt Kebec, enlarging the fortifications, and built a fort at the mouth of the St. Maurice River and started another at Trois Rivers (Quebec).
August 3: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) returned to Kebec from Trois Rivieres. He arrived Trois Rivieres after the Jesuits had departed and when the second Huron party arrived with news from the Jesuits saying the Huron number nearly 30,000 and many were sick with measles and stomach ailments.
August 4: General du Plessis Bouchard returned from Trois Rivieres to Kebec and reported they are working with might and main to build the fort. He presented a savage boy named Akhikouch age 12-14 to Champlain. He turned him over to the Jesuits who named him Dieudonne and he died shortly there after. Fathers Buteux and Duteux are to relocate to Trois Rivieres.
August 4: The French have three settlements on the Saint Lawrence River, namely, Fort Kebec, Fort Richelieu on the Island of Sainte Croix 15 leagues above Kebec and Trois Rivieres, 30 leagues above Fort Kebec.
August 8: Kebec, arrival of (I)-Jean Bourdon, sieur de St. Francois, (1601-1668), Attorney General and engineer chief, died January 12, 1668, Quebec, he arrived with his friend Abbe Jean LeSueur of St. Sauveur
August 8: Kebec arrival (I)-Zachere Clouter, b-1589, arrived Kebec 1619 and returned with wife Xaintes Du Pont (1596-1680) widow Michel Lermusier and children:
one child,
(II)-Zachere Clouter Jr. born August 16, 1617; married Madeleine-Barbe Emard on April 4, 1648 at Saint-Barthelemi in La Rochelle, France. They had 8 children, 5 boys and 3 girls, all of whom married neighbors. Zacharie died February 3, 1708 and Barbe May 28, 1708. They are buried at Chateau-Richer.
(II)- Jean Clouter born May 13, 1620, died on October 16, 1690, married January 21, 1648 at Kebec, Marie Martin, died April 26, 1699, daughter of Abraham Martin and Marguerite Langlois. Jean and Marie had 14 children, 10 of whom were girls. . His descendants kept the ancestral home for nearly three centuries.
(II)-Anne Clouter, born January 19, 1626, died February 4, 1648; When she was just ten, her father promised her in marriage to Robert Drouin, an employee of Robert Giffard, and the contract was signed on July 27, 1636; married July 12, 1637, Robert Drouin d-1685. The marriage contract stated that there were to be no conjugal visits between the bride and groom for two years They had six children, two of which died in infancy. Robert remarried in 1649 to widow Marie Chapelier who was not accepted by the Cloutiers and as a result, Zacharie and Xainte raised their grand daughters, Genevieve Drouin and Jeanne Drouin, as their own.
(II)-Marie-Louise Cloutier born March 18, 1632 in Perche, died January 22, 1699, married October 26, 1645, Francois Marguerie, Sieur de La Hayeb-1611, drowned May 23, 1648 at Trois-Rivieres. The couple had no children. Louise married the tailor Jean Mignault dit Chatillon d-1681, with whom she had fourteen children. Louise was married for a third time to Jean-Pierre Mataux . They had no children.
August 12: The French fleet under command of General du Plessis Bouchard weighed anchor at Kebec for Tadoussac (Quebec) and thence to Old France in Europe.
August 26: The Savages brought some plums gathered not far from Kebec.
September 3: Father (I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) and Father (I)-Jacques Buteux (1599-1652) took up residence at Trois Rivieres (Quebec) which is still under construction. A Basque student is reported killed at Gaspe Peninsula, (Quebec) over the winter. Famine walked the St. Lawrence River valley due to poor weather.
September 8: The Savages at Trois Rivieres (Quebec) called Metaberoutin are catching sturgeon fish as long as the height of man (5-6 feet).
September 19: The last of the Jesuit party finally arrived Huron Country, complaining of hardship, abandonment, and theft of their belongings by the Bissiriniens. The Algonquin taunted the Jesuit saying the Huron would kill them like they did to (I)-Estienne Brule (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633).
October 1: Kebec, marriage, (II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis (1604-1639) son (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1727) and (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649; married October 1, 1634, Kebec, Helene Desportes (see 1602)
October 23: About 15-20 Savages return to Trois Rivieres (Quebec) from war with a young prisoner, a Hiroquois. They intend to kill him in remembrance of relatives previously killed including the three Frenchmen last year. They planned torture, roasting and eating him. The Jesuit said, cruelties displeases us, and that we are not cannibals. The Hiroquois is freed in the spirit of peace.
November 3: Kebec, baptism, (I)-Joseph Martin b-1609, a Matchonon Savage is baptized and given the Surname Martin. Possible Metis son of (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais, (1589-1664), it also possible he has a Metis daughter (II)-Anne Martin died December 4, 1683 Quebec, married November 17, 1635, Kebec, Jean Cote
November 8: The French family Giffart refers to the Savage (Metis?) children as ‘it’. More commonly they are called Savage, Barbarian, or infidel.
December 13: Near Gaspe Peninsula, (Quebec) the Savages killed and ate a young Basque boy left with them to learn the language. Those of Tadoussac, (Quebec) with whom I passed the winter a year ago, have eaten each other in some locations. The famine was witnessed at Trois Rivieres, (Quebec) they came in bands, greatly disfigured and fleshless as skeletons. There was no warehouse at Trois Rivieres at this time so food was also scarce among the French. No one died of starvation as what was available was shared among the people. Lack of snow was the cause of this great famine, because they could not catch the larger animals and this condition lasted most of the winter.
Note:Several ManyRoads readers have questioned the accuracy of some of the Metis claims presented in this document by Mr. Garneau. Should you have evidence that you would like to present refuting the veracity and accuracy of any claims made by Mr. Garneau, which you would like us to present here, please contact us directly.
We are happy to present all relevant information here, in the interest of fairness, full disclosure and accuracy.
The following material is written by: R.D. (Dick) Garneau, who is solely responsible for its accuracy.
1610
Population of Kebec 18 French + 1 Huron
(I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais (1589-1664) and (I)-Pierre Desportes, had given birth to the first living children in New France. Arrived here in the 1610′s, these two families are counted among the first who lived on Kebec soil. (I)-Abraham is listed as married to Marguerite Langlois but birth date and location of birth not recorded.
It is suggested that (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is back in Acadia this year until 1613..
Pierre Desportes and Francoise Langlois, b-1600 is the parents of (II)-Helene Desportes, born July 7, 1620, married October 1, 1634 Kebec (II)-Guillaume Hebert, d-1639 and married, 1640 Kebec, (I)-Noel Morin (1616-1680). Francois Langlois, b-1600 is believed the sister of Marguerite Langlois, b-1611, died January 15, 1661, Quebec, 1st married Kebec to (I)-Abraham Martin (1589-1664), 2nd married February 17, 1665, Kebec, Rene Brance: ALSO the sister of Marie Langlois, d-1661, Quebec, married 1625, Jean Juchereau. It is highly unlikely that three sisters would arrive Kebec unrecorded therefore they must be Metis or Savauge? It’s interesting that folks claim a child is 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc. born in Kebec of Whitmen but no mention is made of the color of the wife?
This year Tadoussac, Quebec had too many ships and too few furs due to the great number of European vessels engaged in the fur trade. Furs were becoming more profitable than fish.
Peter Easton, a privateer in Queen Elizabeth 1st’s navy, lost his commission and turned to piracy from 1602 to 1615. This year he built a fort at Harbor Grace, Newfoundland to conduct his pirate business. He recruited Newfoundland sailors for his private navy. He destroyed a Basque fleet, intent on capturing his fort. He practiced his trade down into the Caribbean, raiding Puerto Rico and capturing the Spanish plate fleet in 1614. He was pardoned by King James to become the Marquis of Savoy, and lived the balance of his life in luxury. Barbarism is rewarded by the English.
(II)-Charles Biencourt de St. Just son Pere Poitrincourt is at Port Royal with Champlain.
Some suggest (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) arrived at New France and immediately went to live among the Algoumequins (Algonquinus). Others suggest he arrived in Kebec 1608. Brule took a country wife and is therefore the first family man in Kebec. It is believed Algonquian guides led him into the interior of New France (Canada). It is noteworthy that (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) says (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) was living among the Algonquian since 1608.
The Natives had told the French that the Great Lakes of the Interior takes 30 days to cross. They also speak of a great sea with no end on the West Coast. Some contend that (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633), who arrived New France in 1610, went about this year to live among the Natives as, essentially, a Coureurs des Bois. These same people suggested he traveled as far as Lakes Michigan and Superior this year. Others suggest it was more like 1615, maybe later, before he reached Sault Ste Marie. Others suggest Champlain ordered (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) to encourage the Huron to trade with Kebec. Others suggest Brule is one of the eight survivors of the 1609 illness at Kebec. This opinion is rather strange if Champlain went to war with the Huron against the Iroquois to form an alliance last year. Why would he need to send an emissary into the Huron territory to establish a trading relationship? It is more probable that (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) went native to escape being indentured to Champlain. This would be more consistent with future events. It is noteworthy that Champlain profited by Brule’s activities and likely tolerated his actions.
(I)-Jean de Godet du Parc (d-1627) is in charge of Quebec.
The Jesuits wanted to send missionaries to New France and approached Poutrincourt; a devout Roman Catholic. (II)-Jean Biencourt de Poutrincourt (1557-1615) sailed on February 10 for Port Royal, Acadia without the Jesuits using the pretext that he had to build suitable lodging for the Jesuits. It was no secret that the Poutrincourts hated the Jesuits. He is very suspicious of the motives of the ambitious Jesuits and took his own priest, Father (I)-Jesse Fleche- a secular priest, from Langres, France. Upon arriving, they were greatly surprised that the alleged savages had not molested the deserted Fort in anyway, nor its contents. They considered the savages as being very amiable and having the most humane qualities of gentleness and courtesy.
(II)-Charles de Biencourt Baron de Saint Just (1591-1623) arrived in Port Royal with his father, (I)-Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt (1557-1615) and another priest called Josse Fleseline (Jesse Fleche) to convert the savages. (II)-Charles would effectively be given the Commander status of Port Royal this year. A Captain of the savages complained to Sieur De Poutrincourt, near Port Royal, that a ship from St. Milo has stolen his wife and was abusing her. The guilty party, (II)-Robert the son of (I)-Francois Grave, sieur Du Pont (Pontegrave) (1560-1629), escaped punishment by fleeing into the forest among the savages to become a Coureurs des Bois. Later, he is accused of prejudicing the savages against the French. It is noteworthy that the term ‘Captain of the Savages’ usually referred to a mixed blood or Metis.
(II)-Jesse Fleche baptized Memberton and his nineteen member Native family. A MicMac or Mi’-Kmaq questioned the French for blowing their noses on linen handkerchiefs, asking: “For what purpose do you preserve such a vile thing”?
Thomas de la Wark (1577-1618) arrived Jamestown with 150 settlers and with Samuel Argall (1572-1626) help built two forts on the James River. Thomas would return to England leaving the tyrannical, autocratic Argall in charge of Virginia. He was cruel not only to the French and savages but to his own people. This also demonstrates that Thomas was a poor judge of character which he acknowledged too late.
January 26: Queen Marie would only support (I)-Jean de Biencourt Sieur de Poutrincourt’s (1557-1615) voyage back to Port Royal, Acadia from Dieppe, France, and he took the Jesuits: (I)-Pierre Biard (1567-1622), (I)-Enemond Masse (1575-1646), (I)-Madame de Poutrincourt and her son (II)-Charles Biencourt de Saint Just (1591-1623). The Huguenots who owned the vessel refused to outfit it if the Jesuits were included. Marquise de Guercheville, wife of the Governor of Paris and a strong Jesuit superior, paid the Huguenots for any inconvenience the Jesuit would impose. This settlement failed because Samuel Argall, a Virginia pirate from his base in Jamestown, destroyed Port Royal, Acadie (Acadia) in 1613.
February 26: (I)- Jean de Biencourt, Sieur de Poutrincourt et de Saint-just, (1557-1615) arrived Port Royal with (II)-Charles La Tour (1596-1665) his father (I)-Claude de Saint Etienne La Tour, (II)-Charles Biencourt (1591-1623) and his father.
April 8: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) departed France for Kebec.
April 17: (I)-Henry Hudson entered Hudson Strait.
April 28: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived Tadoussac with 11 tradesmen. When he reached Kebec it was reported to be a mild winter and non had died. However he learned that (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) had left the settlement to live among the Huron.. Prairies (Des) de St. Malo a young man filled with courage went to help Champlain this year.
May 2: The Company of Adventurers and Planters of London and Bristol (1610-1628) is established to the colonization of Newfoundland.
June: (I)-Henry Hudson entered Ungava Bay thinking he had reached the west side of America.
June 13: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) met (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) beyond the Lachine Rapids; he records:
“I had with me a youth who had already spent two winters at Kebec and wanted to go among the Algoumequines (Algonquins) to master their language … learn about their country, see the great lake, take note of the rivers and the peoples living along them; and discover any mines, along with the most curious things about those places and people, so that we might, upon his return, be informed truthfully about them”
Translated: (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) without permission abandoned Kebec to live among the Huron but I must make the best of the situation and again embellish the truth.
(I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) is the first Coureur de Boise out of Kebec, the first European Canadian and many more would follow his lead..
When (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) was brutally tortured and killed by the Huron in 1633 (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) said that it was the fitting death for a traitor. He assumed Etienne led the British to Kebec but this was incorrect. He assumed the Huron killed him because he refused to accept French rule but he was executed for impropriety with women.
June 14: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) led a second expedition against the Iroquois Nation.
June 19: Near the mouth of the Richelieu River, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) again claimed a successful battle against the Iroquois.
June 24: (I)-Jesse Fleche, who died 1611, is the first recorded Roman Catholic Missionary in Canada working among the MicMac or Mi’-Kmaq. It is noteworthy that La mic-mac is a racist term in Quebec. It means tricky, a small intrigue, a mess. These indigenous Maritime Peoples prefer the term Mi-Kmaq or MiKmaq likely derived from ni’-kmaq meaning kinfolk.
June 28: In Port Royal, the French consider it a delight to engage in trade and make such a handsome profit. Beaver and other skins should total 8,000 livres this year.
(I)-Pierre Du Gua De Monts, (1558-1628) is financially ruined, and sold his proprietary rights to the Jesuits.
The savages at Port Royal can canoe to Kebec in 10-12 days, much faster than by the French in their boats.
July 5: (I)-John Guy (d-1629) is appointed Governor of Newfoundland, and his brother (I)-Phillip Guy founded an English trading post at Cupers (Cupids) Cove near St. John’s, Newfoundland, known as the Sea Forest Plantation, in August. It originally started with 39 members, peaked at 60 and then declined. The colony, however, lasted until the1630′s.
August 3: (I)-Henry Hudson entered Hudson Bay and sailed into James Bay where he decided to winter.
August 8: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) departed Kebec for France, leaving 16 men under command of (I)-Jean de Godet du Parc (d-1627).
Anti-coton, a sarcastic pamphlet is published attacking the Jesuit especially Father Coton, the confessor to King Henry IV, who is executed by the Jesuit or so it is claimed. This and other attacks on the Jesuit is circulating also in Canada.
December 27: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the Monts Trading Company, who is well over forty years old, married Helene Bouille (Boulle), (1598-1645) age eleven (some say 12) died December 20, 1654 France, a Protestant and later conversion to Catholic and entered the convent, and daughter of Nicholas Boulle and Margueritte Alix of St. Germain I’Auxerrois, France. This child bride would visit New France from 1619 to 1623Helene Bouille (Boulle), (1598-1645), but basically deserted him. Some suggest (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) was a homosexual and that suited Helene Bouille (Boulle), (1598-1645). She had run away just before her marriage not wanting to marry that old man.
1611
Population of Kebec 16 French + 1 Huron
(I)-Jean Bacheland from Dieppe, Normandy, a Huguenot, is at Port Royal this year and in Acadia in 1612.
(I)-Bouvier, a competitor of the de Monts Trading Company, sent one of his boys to live among the Algonquin when (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) sent (I)-Nicolas de Vignau among the Huron (some say Algonquin). It is noteworthy the the Huron were subordinate to the Algonquin Nation, both in numbers and influence. The Algonquin had previously soundly defeated the more aggressive Iroquois Nation, or so claimed the Iroquois. The Huron (Wendat), an Iroquois speaking Nation, and the Algonquin Nations were friendly neighbors. (I)-Bouvier a merchant was trading the Sault St. Louis, Acadia this year.
(I)-Etienne Brule was an intermediary for the Hurons, since 1611
(I)-Nicolas de Vignau claimed to have explored the Ottawa River to the North Sea (Hudson Bay) and seen the wreckage of an English ship where 8880 English had been killed by the Indians. The Algonkins said he was lying as he had spent the winter with them so he retracted his story. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) doubted his story from the start and forced (I)-Nicolas de Vignau to prove it in 1613.
The savages of Saint John called the French Normans, except the Malouins which they called Samaricois. They call the Basques the Bascua. The Port Royal colony only consisted of 22 men including the two Jesuits Masse and Biard.
The Company of Associates (Rouen Associates) withdrew from the New France fur trade.
The first use of the term Eskimos is by a Jesuit missionary, but not so in the technical sense as Richard Hakluyt, in 1584, used the word Esquimawes, writing about colonizing eastern North America, but it was not published until 1877. Eskimo, however, is from an Algonkian word, believed from the Abnaki meaning “eaters of raw fish”. The Eskimo prefer the word Inuit; meaning people or men that they call themselves.
The Rochelle men refused to join the Company of Associates and continued on with their illicit trade in New France. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) accused the merchants of selling arms and ammunition to the natives, exciting their hostility against the Kebec Company.
(I)-Jean de Biencourt Sieur de Pointrincourt (1557-1615) returned to France leaving his son in command.
Monlina Perez was sent to deal with the English at Jamestown but is capture and Spain is forced to accept the presence of the English in Spanish Virginia.
The Hollanders stopped at Cap de La Heve to take on fresh water, the savages who were friendly to the French, captured 6 including the captain of the ship.
The Grand Sault Rapids were named this year Sault St. Louis after Louis who drowned while trying to run the rapids.
The Jesuits planted apple trees in Acadia 1611 to 1613.
May 21: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived in Kebec from France and traveled as far as the Lachine Rapids, choosing Point Callieres Hochelaga as the site for future Montreal.
May 22: The (I)-Jean de Biencourt Sieur de Poutrincourt’s (1557-1615) party reached Port Royal. The first letter from Port Royal, New France to France is by the Jesuits (I)-Pierre Biard (1567-1622) and (I)-Enemond Masse (1575-1646). Timber is being exported from New France. By the fall, the Jesuit are clashing with (II)-Charles de Biencourt de Poutrincourt de Saint Just (1591-1623). Father Biard accused (I)-Charles de Biencourt (1591-1623) as being selfish and materialistic. The Jesuits are asked to leave the colony, and they, in turn, excommunicated members of the colony. The Jesuits, in July of 1613, leave to establish a religious colony on the Maine coast, but are captured by the British and returned to France. It is noteworthy that no one in Fort Kebec would receive the Jesuit in the future, save the Recollect fathers.
June 12: (I)-Hudson began his return voyage to England but his ship became locked in the ice.
June 13: (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633), having been living with the Algoumequins (Algonquins), encountered (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) near the Lachine Rapids on his way to Kabec with 200 Huron to trade. Brule had learned to speak the language fluently. He immediately departed to go live with the Wendat (Huron). Many more from the small colony would follow (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) such as (I)-Duvernais, (I)-Demerais and (I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642). These French would travel with the Huron into the great Lakes region to the west. (I)-Jean Nicolet would travel to the Illinoise.
June 24: (I)-Henry Hudson -an inept captain, first mate Robert Juet- a thug, John King quartermaster- a troublemaker, Abacuck Prickett- a haberdasher, and a rogue named Henry Greene, aboard the Discovery, sailed for the Bay of the North (Hudson from James Bays). His mate, Robert Juet, rebelled and is thrown in irons. Robert Bylot is promoted to mate, but later demoted. They are forced to winter in Ruperts Bay. John Williams is the first to die. An Indian traded a pair of beaver hides, initiating the Bay’s first known fur trade. The carpenter, Philip Staffe, is promoted to mate even though he could neither read nor write. William Wilson, Henry Greene and Rupert Juet organized a mutiny and forced (I)-Hudson, his son (II)-John and six seamen, including (I)-Staffe, into a scallop and cast them off. They are believed to have perished on or near Danby Island, James Bay. The crew, upon returning to England, is acquitted of murder and not charged with mutiny.
July 20: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) departed Kebec for France.
1612
Population of Kebec 16 French
The French explorer (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) is believed to be the first European to see the Great Lakes this year. Etienne Brule (1592-1632) explored Lake Huron in 1612 and is believed to have also explored Lakes Ontario, Erie and Superior after 1615. He probably was the first European to set foot in what is now Pennsylvania.
The Company of Rouen and St. Malo established a far sweeping rule, prohibiting settlers of New France from trading with the Indians. A hundred year tradition of free trade between Europeans and American Natives is violated. More fundamental is the violation of ten thousand years of free trade tradition in the Americas. Trade Control is systemic in design to give power and authority to a few selected people. It tends to perpetuate poor leadership. It also discourages innovation and adaptation.
The Forbans (banished ones, outlaws or pirates) harassed the fishing fleet off Newfoundland. One thousand and eighty men were captured and carried off by force into slavery, between 1612-1620. The bulk of the English and French slave trade was Turkish pirates.
Peter Easton used Harbor Grace, Newfoundland as a base for his ten-vessel pirate fleet. He plundered 30 English ships in St. John’s harbor and raided French and Portuguese ships at Ferryland.
(I)-Nicholas de Vignau reports to (I)-Samuel de Champlain, that he discovered an English shipwreck in the Bay of the North (Hudson Bay) this season. The Natives claim he is a liar and eventually he confesses.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant New France, recorded Basque fishermen drying fish 25 km down river from the mouth of the Sagunenay River.
John Davis, being sponsored by London Merchants to mine silver, disappeared and is assumed killed by Inuit or the elements.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) a devout Christian wanted to bring the powerful Jesuit to New France but was rejected.
Thomas Button led an expedition to look for Henry Hudson and find the Northwest Passage and lost a ship in Hudson Bay.
January 26: A supply ship arrived at Port Royal, Acadia with the lay Jesuit (I)-Gilbert du Thet (1575-1613) to act as administrator of the mission. Others suggest he was a priest, the paid spy for Madame de Guercheville guised as a colonist. The Jesuits instigated troubles among the colony even going as far as to excommunicate Commandant (II)-Charles Biencourt (1591-1623). As a result Father Gilbert du Thet (1575-1613) is expelled from the Colony in disgrace and Commandant (II)-Charles Biencourt set out to prevent the Jesuit from becoming predominant to the Colony.
April 14: Thomas Button (d-1634), a Welshman, for the Company of Merchants, sailed the Discover (Hudsons old ship) back to Hudson’s Bay (Bay of the North) to discover the North West Passage and the whereabouts of the Hudson party.
August 15: Thomas Button (d-1634) reached and camped in the estuary of the Nelson River.
October: John Guy explored Trinity Bay, Newfoundland to establish contact with the Beothuk People.
October 8: King Louis XIII decided to continue the New France venture after the collapse of the de Monts Trading Company. He named his nephew, Charles de Bourbon, Compte de Soisson, as the Lieutenant General in New France and De Champlain as his subordinate lieutenant
November 20: Charles de Bourbon died, and Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, replaced him. He gained the fur trade monopoly over New France and is titled Viceroy of New France. He formed The Rouen and St. Milo Company to manage his business in the New World. Gua De Monts became a stockholder in the Company, Gilbert du Thet (1575-1613), a lay Jesuit, became acting administrator of Missions in New France. (I)-Pierre Du Gua De Monts (1558-1628) helped organize the new Company and continued to trade and explore until 1617. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) was confirmed in his post but denied the title of Governor.
1613
Population of Kebec 47 French
After the destruction of Port Royal by Samuel Argall and his men this year: (II)-Charles De Saint Etienne De La Tour (1595-1665), (I)-Charles De Biencourt De Poutrincourt (Biencourt), d-1623 remained in Acadia, with a handful of followers to become Coureur Des Bois. They amased a following of about one hundred Natives, whom they trained in the use of firearms. The group would be bolstered by a few French free traders and Basque fishermen, who also gave up their former lifestyle to embrace the democratic laws of the land. Many also married Mi’Kmaq women and raised Metis children, and most of these unions were love matches. The Mi’Knaq had a paternal society in nature but not as extreme as Europe.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) believed that navigation is the most useful because through it, the idolatry of paganism is overthrown and Christianity proclaimed in all parts of the world. This is the major driving force for the creation of New France, a missionary outpost sustained by a commercial base. The governor of this process was French honor (la gloire) and hate of the English.
(I)-Nicolas Marsolet De St. Agnan (1601-1677) is at Kebec this year and was still here as interpreter in 1629. (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (Marsollet) (1587-1677) is a long time interpreter for the Montagnais and Algonkin tribes. Tanguay says b-1601 but the Jesuits say b-1587 which is more accurate. He was called the ‘Little King of Tadoussac’ because he reported direct to the King and was not controlled by (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635)
(I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais, b-1589, died September 8, 1664 Kebec, married Marguerite Langlois b-1611. This is not possible as Marguerite was only 2 years old. See 1624. It is not known when this family arrived but it was before 1621 and they were here until 1629 but are listed in Tanguay but not in his 1929 list of families. They returned 1635 and had more kids. Also see 1609 & 1610
Thomas Dale, an Englishman, commissioned Samuel Argall to destroy the French settlement in the New World. This is not true as Thomas de la Warr (1577-1618) Governor of Virginia is in England at this time and Samuel Argall (1572-1626) is acting Governor. That the French and English were not at war didn’t seem to matter. They first attacked a French post at Mount Desert Island, killing a Jesuit, wounded several settlers, took prisoners and then razed the buildings. Twenty men were away at the time and avoided deportation to Virginia or England. They were later rescued by the French. Others suggest Samuel Argall (1572-1641), a pirate from Jamestown, Virginia, commanding an English ship for the Virginia Company, was only fishing when he discovered the French settlement of St. Sauveur on Desert Island and attacked for plunder like a common pirate and only later is commissioned by Virginia to clear Acadia of the French. There appears to be lots of differing opinions concerning this man.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) complained about the numerous free traders who rush through the ice to arrive first into New France to trade secretly with the Natives, vying with one another and thereby driving the price too dearly. The French suggest that greediness of gain causes the merchants of France to set out early to trade in New France, even before the ice is out of the Saint Lawrence River system. This rivalry of secret trading (Free Trade) raises the cost of goods and should be replaced with monopoly control to get the best of the Savages.
The trading ships at Tadoussac, Quebec again exceeded the supply of available furs. (I)-Samuel de Champlain’s (1567-1635) drawing shows a small settlement of (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628) which included a barracks for Swiss mercenaries on the island St. Croix in Acadia.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) sent two more boys to live among the Huron.
Only 3 Jesuit are in Acadia, brother Duthet is killed along with two other French and four are wounded by the English who also captured the French ship. About 30 survived with one small boat that could hold only 15 men. The English also pillaged and burned Sainte Croix.
The English expel the Jesuits from Acadia.
Pentagoët Bay Acadia was a site where a Jesuit Mission had been established around 1613
Father (I)-Gilbert du Thet (1575-1613) of the Jesuit, who arrived Canada January 23, 1612 is killed St. Sauveur this year by the Englishman Captain Samuel Argall (1572-1641), a pirate from Jamestown, Virginia, acting Governor, commanding an English ship for the Virginia Company,
(I)-Guillaume Couillard (Coullart) Lespinacy (1591-1663) is settled in Kebec with many others, he would marry August 26, 1621 (II)-Guillemette Hebert, b-1604/06/08, died October 20. 1684, Quebec, daughter (I)-Louis Hebert, d-1627 and Marie Rollet, or savage, or Metis, d-1649. Some suggest he didn’t arrive until 1617. It is suggested he married Marie Rollet in 1621. I think there is some confusion between (I)-William Couillard (Coullart) who arrived 1613? *
* (I)-William Couillard (Coullart) who arrived 1613 and who Champlain said he was one of the earliest settlers in Kebec. It was him who Champlain trusted the care of his two savage girls who hew considered his daughters, with a promise they would become foster parents until his return, being sent to France by the English. It is said (I)-William is a son-in-law to Madame Hebert. Some say Louise Couillard b-1625 is his daughter.
The English Captain Samuel Argal (1572-1626) acting Governor Virginia and ex-pirate, came upon the empty Port Royal, plundered it and burnt it to the ground. The French had taken to the woods with no winter provisions or shelter. One Frenchman was surprised that the English had not immediately killed the pernicious Jesuit Father Biard (1567-1622) who was in their custody but it was later determined he led they to Port Royal out of spite.
(I)-John Rolfe, who married Pocahontas, crossed West Indies and Virginia tobacco. He began a major industry for New England, and by 1618 50,000 lbs. of tobacco is being exported to England. The English established free ownership of land; freedom to develop diversified export and encouraged multi-culturalism. The French, in contrast, used the land to bind the people to King and God. They were prohibited in ventures that might compete with France, and multi-culturalism is not allowed.
The Company of Associates (1613-14) included (I)-Pierre Du Gua De Monts (1558-1628), Champlain, Thomas Poree, Lucas Legendre, Mathieu Dusterlo and Daniel Boyer. An attempt was made to oust (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), but it failed.
(II)-Charles de Biencourt (1591-1623) and his followers scattering through the woods around the fortifications of Port Royal searching and digging for groundnuts. Groundnuts, Apios americana or Apios tuberosa, is a member of the pea family, and its dark-red or brown flowers resemble those of sweet pea. The Mi’kmaq called them sequbbun and they taste like chestnut.
Sieur de Biencourt de Pointrincourt de Saint Just (1591-1623) stayed in or about Port Royal area living among the Mi’Kmaq People and his friend (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) also lived among the Natives at Penobscot River, Acadia. Charles married a Mi’Kmaq girl 1 st, then 2nd Marie Jacquelin, d-1645; then 3rd, Jeanne Motin, wido of d’Aulnay
March: Lady de Guereheville is determined to establish her own Acadia colony dominated by the Jesuits. She sends her spy the Jesuit Fathers Gilbert du Thet (1575-1613) and Quastin with orders to pick up Jesuits Father Enemond Masse (1575-1646) and Father Pierre Biard (1567-1622) from Port Royal. This expedition is under command of Rene De Coq de La Saussaye.
March 6: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), with (I)-Nicholas de Vignau, investigated Vignau’s claim that he had seen a shipwrecked English ship in the Bay of the North (Hudson Bay) in 1612. Four French and one Indian was on this trip. (I)-Sieur Georges a merchant of La Rochelle, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) and (I)-Nicholas de Vignau were named. Vignau would later recant when the Algonquin said he had wintered with them in 1611..
March 12: Rene Le Coq de La Saussaye departed Honfleur for Acadia, arriving on May 16. He sent Antoinette de Pons, Marquise de Guercheville, to stop the discord between (I)-Pierre Biard (1567-1622) the Jesuit, (I)-Enemond Masse (1575-1646) Jesuit and (II)-Charles de Biencourt, (1591-1623) commandant Port . This and the following statement is likely not true as their orders are to remove Biard and Masse from Port Acadia.
May 21: Rene Le Coq de La Saussaye expelled (I)-Pierre Biard (1567-1622), Jesuit, and (I)-Enemond Masse (1575-1646), Jesuit, from Port Royal, then sailed to Frenchman’s Bay, Maine to establish of Saint Saveur (Sauveur) on Mount Desert Island.
May 27: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) with (I)-Nicolas de Vignau, sailed to Lachine Rapids then traveled up the Ottawa River. At Allumette Island, the natives denied Vignau’s story. Vignau confessed that he lied in order to have the chance of coming back to Canada.
June: Thomas Button (d-1634) crossed the Bay of the North and erected a cross, naming the area New Wales, as he was a Welshman. They discovered the Churchill River and returned to England in August, not finding a trace of Hudson nor the north west passage.
July 2: Samuel Argall (1572-1641), acting Governor of Virginia and a former pirate from Jamestown, Virginia, commanding an English ship for the Virginia Company, is sighted in Frenchman’s Bay, Maine, contesting the French claim to Acadia which included Maine at this time. Argall fired the first shot killing the Jesuit Gilbert du Thet (1575-1613) and seriously wounded 4 others and two men were drowned. He captured and plundered the French ship. The colony surrendered and were informed they were on English soil and therefore classified as freebooters and Pirates. He took 15 citizens back to Virginia in chains. He told the citizens to flee in a shallop and find a French fishing ship to return to France. The prisoners were spared execution for piracy because they were in Acadia by French orders.
August: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived at St.Malo, France were he deposited his account of his journey in New France along with his maps.
October: The Virginians equipped two ships for war to clear the French from Acadia. Samuel Argall (1572-1641) returned first to the St. Sauveur colony to burn it to the ground. They then sailed to St. Croix Island to steal the French fishermen’s salt supply. Argall had taken the Jesuits Biard and Quantin. It is believed the Jesuit Biard, out of spite, directed the English to Port Royal providing they would kill (II)-Charles Biencourt (1591-1623). Port Royal was empty as the inhabitants are five miles away taking in the harvest. Samuel Argall (1572-1641) ordered his men to plunder and burn the settlement to the ground. Samuel Argall returned to Virginia in November making himself infamous in American Annals. Among their loot was horses which they captured and ate.
November 13: Samuel Argall (1572-1641), acting Governor of Virginia, commanding an English ship for the Virginia Company, conducted a campaign of terror against the French Acadian settlements of Saint Saveur (Maine), Port Royal (Nova Scotia) and other French settlements in Acadia. The English reign of terror had begun in America. After this incident, neither England nor France showed much interest in this Acadian region until 1629. (II-Charles Biencourt de Saint Just (1591-1623), would, however, re-establish the settlement? The infamous Samuel Argall (1572-1641) was considered a tyrannical, autocratic man who vented himself not only on the French, the savages but even his own people. This harsh attitude would infect Virginia for years to come. This evil man was knighted in 1623 and promoted to admiral in 1625. The implication is that England were by their actions an evil culture.
The Acadian colonies fled into the interior, some making their way to the St. Lawrence and some joining the Indians to create a unique Acadian Metis culture. Very few returned to France that had no interest in defending their rights.
(I)-Jean de Biencourt Sieur de Pointrincourt (1557-1615) abandoned any future Acadia activities blaming the Jesuits for the destruction of Acadia.
(I)-Claude La Tour, (1570-1736+) the elder, a Huguenot lost his Fort at Pemboect, Acadia.
1614
Population of Kebec 47 French
(II)-Anne Martin, Possible Metis, b-1614, died December 4, 1683 Quebec daughter of (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais, b-1589, died September 8, 1664, Quebec and possibly a Matchonon (Huron) Savage Marguerite Langlois, b-1611? not possible; married November 17, 1635, Kebec, (I)-Jean Cote, d-1661 an Englishman.. Some suggest she was born March 23, 1621 in La Rochelle, Charente Maritime, France. See 1624. Also see 1609 & 1610
The Company of Associates attempted to oust Champlain. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) formed the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo. The Company agreed to settle six families in Canada each year. He also approached the Recollect order of priests to send four missionaries to Quebec.
(II)-Charles de Biencourt Baron de Saint Just (1591-1623), son of (I)-Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt, (1557-1615) is appointed the Commander Port Royal, Acadia ( Nova Scotia). He was considered as being tactless in his dealings and had violent quarrels with the Jesuit missionaries. This is most likely a Jesuit assessment as they had tried to have him killed by the English.
The fur trade became profitable enough to consider upgrade the trading shacks to a real Fort Kabec.
A visit to Port Royal, Acadian says the colony is in ruins and the settlers are starving.
The English colony at Conception Bay Newfoundland has 60 residents.
Allen Block, a Dutchman discovered The Fresh River aka. Quinnehtukgut the soon to become New Holland.
The Dutch trading post is established close to the city of Albany, on Castle Island.
1615
Population of Kebec 33 French + 19 Huron
Peter Easton, a forban (pirate) from 1602 to 1615, is considered the King of the Pirates with 10 ships under his command. He was considered the master of the seas. He imposed a levy, the first regular tax on fishing vessels to America. He destroyed a Basque fleet, intent on capturing his Harbor Grace Fort. He attacked the Spanish shipping in the Caribbean, raided Puerto Rico and captured the Spanish plate fleet in 1614. He is eventually pardoned by King James, abandons his Newfoundland base, buys a castle and becomes Marquis of Savoy- living in luxury.
(I)-Jacques Hertel d-1658, some suggest he died August 10, 1651, arrived Canada this year, became an interpreter and took refuge among the savages when Kebec was taken..
The Recollets established Ste Marie mission among the Hurons. The French had named them Huron as an insult, meaning wild boar’s head or lout. They called themselves Wendat. It was common practice to ask tribes to name their enemies so as to record these insulting names.
The French learned survival skills from the Natives, including the use of the canoe, snowshoe, toboggan, moccasin and Native foods. They also taught the French agricultural methods, including cultivation of maize, beans, pumpkin and squash. It is noteworthy that the Native farmers of the Americas developed over half of the cultivated crops of the world. They showed them how to make maple sugar and to gather wild berries; especially blueberries. The Algonquian, however, still would not allow the French access to the Ottawa River. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo, learned that the tribe control was done by the women, that the children are of the mother’s clan and that inheritance of possessions and power is through the females. After all this hospitality, the French still consider the Natives savage.
Some believe that (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) first met the Ojibwa in Georgian Bay on this expedition. It is also interesting to note that Basque fishermen have been aware of Lake Ontario since the middle of last century. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) made note of the fields of corn in Georgia Bay.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo, petitioned the Algonquian high council to lift the four-year travel restriction on the Ottawa River. The Algonquian council met and after long debate, compromised and allowed the Wendat (Huron) to trade down river to Fort Kebec (Quebec) and allowed the French, on payment of a toll, restricted passage up the Ottawa river. This decision pleased the Wendat, as it ensured their historic trading position. The Algonquian, as a show of good faith, conducted (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) to Lakes Huron and Ontario, as well as the Wendat settlement of Cahiague.
Champlain helped to create war between the Wendat and Iroquois, not only to make them love us more, but to pave the way for exploration that would require the Wendat help. If peace remains between the two, the Iroquois will lead the Wendat to trade with the Dutch.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), upon seeing a Huron (Wendat), is fascinated when he discovers a very complex and fascinating society. The City of Cahiague, located on Lake Huron, has two hundred wooden buildings, some of which are as long as two hundred feet. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) noted that the protection of the city is by triple palisades, thirty feet high. Samuel de Champlain (1570-1635) presumed he is the first European to see these sights, and he marveled at their splendor. This is hard to believe, as at least four Coureurs des Bois had spent years in this region and further west. Even the priests are aware that a Frenchman preceded Champlain.
Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632), Recollet and Father Jarney, Recollet, established a mission at Three Rivers as it was a historic trading post of the Natives. Father Caron then proceeded to Huron Country and wintered with the Tobacco Nation and adjoining tribes. The Huron village was called Carhagonha (Thunder Bay; later known as Toanche).
The Dutch commenced construction of Fort Amsterdam, New Holland on the River Maurice.
Jews are officially excluded from the territories of New France.
March 15: William Baffin (1584-1622) explored Hudson Straitwest end Southhampton Island and Foxe Channel, then returned to England in the fall.
April 24: The first Recollet missionaries departed France for Kebec. They established a mission at Three Rivers this year.
May 25: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived at Tadoussac, Quebec, having left Honfleur on April 24 to learn of the renewed Iroquois retaliation. Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632) and Father Jarney also arrived Tadoussac and proceeded to Three Rivers.
June: Having departed Old France April 15, four Recollects, including (I)-Denis Jamet (d-1625), Superior of the mission arrived Fort Quebec. They included one lay brother and three Recollect priests. (I)-Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632), the Recollect, is said to have visited Georgin Bay and the Huron before the Champlain visit. The visit is cordial, but the Recollects are not allowed to return until 1623. The Recollects, with their fanatic religious zeal and lack of religious tolerance, would not be considered as civilized guests. (I)-Gabrial Seguard, a Recollect, is astonished to learn the reaction of the Indians to the French. The Indians see the French as feeble minded because of the hair growing on their face. He also noted that religion and trade do not go well together. Most French traders did not want religion taught to the Indians. The Recollects say the traders hold the beaver in higher regard than their souls. It is noteworthy that the Kebec trading post usually only contains some 50 people. During the winter season it was reduced to some 20 people. They did little farming, only a few vegetables and salad greens.
July 9: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) traveled to Huronia accompanied by ten Indians, and he claims (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) to lend his support to the Huron. It is highly unlikely he traveled without a few of his men. Subsequent events suggest he had at least 14 Frenchmen with him.
August 1: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrives at Huronia and meets up with (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) on Lake Huron. He claims he gave him permission to go to the Andastes, south of Iroquois Country.
August 3: (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) guided (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) to the village of Carhagonha (10 miles west Penetanguishee, Ontario). There they met Father (I)-Joseph La Caron (1586-1632).
August 12: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) and his party left for the village of Cahiague on Lake Simco to plan a campaign against the Onondage of the Iroquois Nation.
August 30: (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) departed Cahiague to enlist the aid of the Susquehannahs; a People living south of the Iroquois in Pennsylvania.
September 1: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), with 14 Frenchmen and 500 Huron, departed from Cahiague. They crossed Lake Ontario, entering Iroquois country near Stony Point, New York. They marched toward the Iroquois fort near Syracuse.
September 8: (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) departs Lake Simcoe with his Huron guides and goes to Buffalo at the junction of Lakes Erie and Ontario. He went as far as the Susquehanna River.
October 10: The Onondagas, aware Champlain’s invading army, lay in ambush. The fighting lasted for three hours with the Huron receiving the worst of the fight. Champlain withdrew his army the next day and fled for safety.
December 23: The defeated Champlain army returns to Cahiague.
1616
Population of Kebec 64 French
(I)-Claude de Lecoutre dit Lachaisnee de Rouen arrived Kebec this year.
(I)-Louis Hebert while still in France is granted 10 acres of land at Kebec.
The Northern Virginia Company employed John Smith to explore the coast of Northern Virginia (New England) and, this year, his report praised the region. He visited the mouth of the Penobscot River (Maine) which (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) had visited in 1604
France’s North American claims are now known as New France but all areas along the St. Lawrence River and around the Gulf are still commonly called Canada.
The Hugeunot traders in Kebec refuse to supply the Récollets and warn the Indians not to work with them.
The parish Kebecr aka Notre Dame de Kebec is established this year.
January 5: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of Marchands de Rouen, with Father Le Caron, visits the Tabacco Nation, south of Nottawasaga Bay.
March 24: Kebec, death (I)-Michel Colin, who was bury by Father Dolbeau.
March 26: William Baffin explored Ellesmere Island and Baffin Bay.
May 22: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) departs Huronia and arrives, on July 11, in Kebec with Le Caron.
June 15: The French opened schools for Indian children at Trois Rivieres and Tadoussac, hoping to convert them to European cultures.
June 17: William Vaughn purchased the Avalon Peninsula where he established a Welsh colony at Trepassby Bay, Newfoundland.
July 15: (I)-Marguerite Vienne arrived Kebec with her husband (not named) and died July 19, 1616, Kebec.
July 20: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of Marchands de Rouen, only spent 9 days in Kebec before departing for France and humiliation.
November 16: France (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort is believed to have traveled to Kebec shortly after his father died this date. It is assume he arrived Kebec 1617.
1617
Population of Kebec 67 French
(I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort likely arrived this year Kebec.
(I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais (1580-1664) arrived Kabec this year. Others suggest it was 1619. (see 1609 & 1610) They say he arrived with wife Marguerite Langlois b-1611 (b-1592) and their child (II)-Anne Martin b-1614 as they were married 1612 but Marguerite claims they were married 1620, Kebec. Tanguay doesn’t list birth place of either party but list second child (II)-Eusiache Martin born 1621, Kebec. Others claim Eusiache was born in France. Some claim Abraham was born 1589, Edinburgh, Scotland son of Jean Martin and Isabelle Cote others claim he was born France. The alleged prize is the Plains of Abraham were named after Abraham. Some claim Marguerite was born 1592 Xiste, Mepelier, France and married 1612 Aunis, France. Others suggest married 1620 France. It is alleged that Champlain in his will dated November 1635, gave Abrahams daughter Marguerite 600 livres in his will, discovered August 1959 by Olga Jurgens , “to help him get married to a man of this country of New France and not otherwise”. This is rather strange as no mention is made of his other daughters. The will could be a forgery, or Marguerite is not the daughter of Abraham, maybe of Champlain himself. It should be noted that Abraham on February 15, 1649 was imprisoned for debauching a girl age 16. Some called him this old pig Abraham. It would appear highly likely that Abraham or his wife Marguerite has savage blood. See 1609 &1624 Marguerite Langlois was born 1611 and not married at that time, she is likely a savage. Also see 1610 to add to the confusion.
Father (I)-Le Caron (1586-1732) became superior of the Recollet in New France replacing Father Jamay. At this time Father Paul Huet, Recollet is at Kebec. Father (I)-Mathieu a Recollet arrived Kebec and went to live among the Huron.
Récollet priest Pacifique Duplessis offers schooling to Indian children.
A marriage between (I)-Stephen Marie Etienne Jonquest de Normandie and (II)-Anne Herbert, died 1619 in childbirth, performed by Father (I)-Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632), is considered one of the first by a Priest. Some suggest this marriage took place 1618.
(I)-Pierre Magnan, baptised 1627, arrived Kebec 1617, is killed by the Iroquois 1627
(I)-Destouches Peronne de Paris arrived Kebec.
(I)-Jean Pinet Desmarets dit Binet was born Kebec 1617 and married Anne Lesong, b-1625, possible Indian? and had one child birth not recorded (II)-Gabrielle Pinet, d-1715 married 1699 Charles Du Buisson.
It is estimated that 1,000 ships a season spent the summer on the Grand Banks, along the North Atlantic Coast, and in the St. Lawrence, fishing or trading for furs. Kebec could only attract one farmer, and they had to trick him to get him to agree to immigrate. He was offered 200 crowns a year, but when he arrived, they said it would only be 100 crowns. He was only allowed to farm in his spare time and had to sell to the Company at controlled prices.
The few colonists had to learn survival skills from the Indians; such as snowshoes, toboggans, canoes and agriculture. In short, how to survive and move around in the hostile Canadian environment.
The Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo would not give settlers the equipment for agriculture. Even (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) had to sell any surplus to the Company at their price. It is noteworthy that Hebert had planted his first crop in Acadia in 1603-1607. The Priests, however, were allowed to do agriculture to teach the savages by example to form a sedentary life. This is an interesting notion, given the savages have been involved in agriculture for some 5,000 years or more. Other accounts suggest the savages were master farmers who taught the French Canadian agriculture. It is very clear that the various New France Fur Companies did not serve the interests of the settlers, but only their own interests. It is also believed the Priests traded in furs.
Three Rivers (Fort Trois Rivieres) is established as a trading post this year.
March 15: (I)-Jean Nicollet (1598-1762) signed on with the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo to go to New France, arriving in1618.
June 14: (I)-Louis Gaston Hebert (1575-1627), a retired Paris chemist, arrived in Tadoussac, Quebec with his wife, (I)-Marie Rollet (1580-1649), and their three Metis children, (II)-Anne, (1607-1618) married 1617, Etienne Jonquest, (II)-Guillaume b-1604, and (II)-Marie Guillemette, b1607: Rollet, epouse May 16, 1629, Guillaume Hubou. . He is considered by many to be one of the first Europeans to arrive with a primary focus on agriculture. He did make note that there were a few small gardens planted by the inhabitants when he arrived. He died from a fall in 1627. They say he cleared a small plot of land 10 acres for cultivation and began raising cattle. Others suggest agriculture didn’t start until 1628 and that Hebert is only allowed to emigrate if he promised not to serve the Natives as (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) didn’t want the Indians hanging around a (drugstore) settlement. It is noteworthy that the Indians taught Hebert the use of Indian herbal medicines. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), however, said he is the first man in Kebec to live on what he grows. It is noteworthy that (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663), at this time, is also classified as farmer. It is noteworthy that Hebert had planted crops in Acadia in 1603-1607. It is suggested that (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is in Acadia (1603-1607), and 1610-1613, a conflict with birth of Guillemette of 1606? Tanguay says birth date is 1606, not 1608 and didn’t date birth of other children? Tanguay tends to indicate that Anne is the youngest possibly born 1607? All is not well with the history of this family? (see 1602)
1618
Population of Kebec 70 French + 1 marriage
Estache (Eustache) Boulle b-1600 arrived Kebec 1618, afterwards surrenders at Quebec November 19, 1629. Estache is the brother of Helen Boulle wife of Champlain.
Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632) wishing to work among the Natives turned over the function of superior to Father d’Olbeau and went to work with the Montagnis at Tadoussac.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo returned to New France for a brief visit before returning to France.
De La Mothe is in Kebec this year.
(I)-Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (1598-1642) arrived in New France but is back in France on May 10, 1619 and returned 1620.
(I)-Eustache Boulle, b-1600 and brother of Hellna Boulle, wife of Champlain arrived Kebec.
De Lamothe is recorded in Kebec.
(I)-Jean Nicolet, (1598-1642) an interpreter arrived Kebec, it is said he was a man of a happy nature with an excellent memory.
The first know marriage by a priest in New France is between (I)-Joseph Marie Etienne Jonquet de Normandie marriage in Kebec to (II)-Anne Hebert, Metis, b-1607, died 1619 in childbirth, daughter (I)-Louis Herbert (1575-1627) and Marie Rollet d-1649. (See 1602)
Port Royal, Acadia is abandoned and the colony was converted to Cape Fourchu (Port La Tour)
(I)-Modestre Guines a Recollet is at Tadoussac this year.
March 20: The paper was finally created to support the verbal authority for the Recollet to create a mission in New France that included Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632) and three other Recollets. It is noteworthy that the Recollets arrived New France 1615.
1619
Population of Kebec 80 French + 1 birth
(I)-Gaspard Boucher married Nicole Lemaine (Lemoine).and had one son (II)-Pierre Boucher some say born before August 1, 1622 Montagne, Perche France? he was Governor Trois Rivers, Kebec.
(II)-a child is born this year at Kabec, child of (I)-Joseph Marie Etienne Jonquest of Normandie and (II)-Ann Hebert, Metis,.b-1607 or, died 1619.
Kebec, marriage (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) married (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert, daughter of (I)-Louis Herbert, (1575-1627) and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649), some say they married 1621.
Tadoussac, marriage (likely 1609) (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677) and Montagnais Woman or Women and they had a number of Metis children. (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) likely also country married and likely also had a number of Metis children about the same time. There is little doubt that these men had the first recorded New France families and their children were Metis. Some consider (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) as the first New France family but this is highly unlikely.
The beauty of the native women, which none could resist, and which kindled the fires of youth in the veins of age.
Other families in Kebec claimed to be at this time are recorded on the monument to (I)-Louis Hebert, (1575-1627). This list however is full of errors as noted: Tanguay only lists four families in Kebec in 1629 namely: Jonquest – Couillard – Hubou and Hebert.
(I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais (1589-1664) married 1613 France (not possible he was in Kebec at this time) or Anne b-1614 is Metis (likely arrived Quebec 1621?) married to (I)-Marguerite Langlois b-1611, epouse February 17, 1665 Rene Branche, They had 3 children born Kebec to 1627 and many more after 1635.. Tanguay is wrong on this one, she is likely savage see 1609 – 1610 & 1624
(I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677), married 1636 to (I)-Marie Le Barbier b-1619
(I)-Nicolas Pivert married after 1629 to (I)-Marguerite Lesage, died November 29, 1643.
(I)-Pierre Desportes married to Francoise Langlois, (not listed Tanguay)
(I)-Etienne Jonquest married 1618 to (II)-Anne Herbert daughter (I)-Louis Herbert, ( 1575- 1627) and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649)
(I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) married 1637 to (II)-Louise Couillard (1625-1641) daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) married 1621 to (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert (1608-1684). Oliver is believed to have come to Kebec as a young boy.
(I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642), arrived Kebec 1618, 1st married 1620-1631? a Nipissing savage, 2nd married 1637 to (II)-Marguerite Couillard daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) and (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert,
(I)-Noel Morin (1616-1680) married 1640 to Helene Des Portes, veuve Guillaume Herbert, daughter Pierre Des Portes and Francoise Langlois.
(I)-Noel Langlois (1606-1684) married 1634 to Francoise Garnier (Grenier) d-1665
(I)-Guillaume Hubou married 1629 to (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649), epouse 1602 France, (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627)
(I)-William Couillard, arrived Kebec 1613, he and his wife took care of Champlains savages that he considered as daughters, during the English occupation.
The passenger list of 80 New Settlers sponsored by Henri de Montmorenct to Kebec in 1619 are:
(I)-Robert Anet (Anest), Tanguay has his birth date as 1616 an obvious error, married 1645 Elisabeth Ratte (Lerat) and had a son (II)-Jacques Anest (1646-1696) who settled La Durantay, Quebec and married Marie Anne Bourgeous (Dalonne) the daughter Antoine Bourgeous and Marie Bloquet; 2nd marriage Marie Dhallon; Marie Anne epouse April 19, 1694 St Michel Pierre Hublee.
Claude Aubert, Tanguay has his birth date as 1614 an obvious error, his future wife born 1612, his first son named Felix b-1642?
(I)-Felix Aubert, this is likely Francois Auber married Anne Fauconnier English
(I)-Charles Belanger, b-1612, married Kebec 1637 (II)-Marie Guyon (1618-1696)
(I)-Francois Belanger, b-1612 likely son Charles Belanger; married (II)-Marie Guyon (1618-1696)
(I)-Jean Guyon Bisson, died May 3, 1663, Quebec, married 1620 Mathurine Robin, died April 17, 1662 Quebec.
Rene Brisson
Jean Boucher
(I)-Marin Boucher (1589-1671), married 1625 Julienne Barry, one child recorded (II)-Francois Boucher b-1626
Pierre Boucher
Bertrand Chesnaye
Charles Chesnaye
Jean Clement
Zacharie Cloutier, b-1589, married to Xaintes Du Pont (1596-1680) widow Michel Lermusier, she arrived August 8, 1634
Jean Couchon
Michel Desorsis
Michel Esnault
Abraham Fisel
Francois Fortin
Francois Gariepy
Jean Garnier
Charles Gaudin
Francois Gausse
Laurent Gignard
Jacques Goulet
Thomas Granderic
Mace Gravel Bindeliere
Jacques Greslon
Jean Guyon, possibly (I)-Jean Guton (Guyon) (Dion) dit du Buisson (1592-1663)??
Simon Guyon
Adrien Hayot
Louis Francois Herert
Nicolas Huot
Michel L’Homme
Jean Juchereeau
Louis Jobidon
Les Heriters Jolliet
Charles La Francois
Pierre Maheust
Zacharie Maheust
Jean Matheu
Pasquere Nonet
Claude Bouchard D’Orval
Jean Ouimet
Raymond Pagets
Robert Pagets
Etienne Pajot
Charles Petiot
Jean Plante
Charles Pouliot
Nicolas Roussin
Pierre St. Denis
Oliver Le Tardiff (1601-1665)
Toussaint Toupin du Sault
Pierre Tremblay
Romain Trepegny
Jean Trudelle
Abel Turcotte
Jacques Vacelin
(I)-Vincent Verdum dit Verdon (1613-1663)
(I)-Jacques Vezina dit Visinat
Pierre Voyer.dit Boyer
Sixty two (62) men landed Kebec, you can be sure that many Metis children were born as a result.
Two French Companies one for fishing and the other for trading on the St. John River, Acadia are established. Three Recollects were assigned to these ventures.
Several Recollects are working on the Baie des Chaleurs and Saint John River, sponsored by Bordeaux merchants. This Company would fold in 1624 and the Recollets would move to Kebec..
The original Acadian inhabitants from 1613 are still living among the Savages having taken Micmac (Mi’kmaq) wives. Acadian settlers came chiefly from the French Provinces of Aunis, Poitou and Saintonage. The Acadian Metis would evolve their own language called Acadian French. Acadian would eventually be spoken on the east coast of Quebec, in New Brunswick, Acadia ( Nova Scotia), Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island and in some communities of the St. Lawrence and the Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The term Acadia was used to describe all these lands including Maine.
Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632) is back at Kebec 1619-1622, likely attending to the Orders business.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain’s (1567-1635), Governor (1619-29 & 1633-35), contingent includes 80 persons, including three Recollect Fathers, clerks, officers, craftsmen and field laborers. Some contend that agriculture didn’t commence until much later, but field laborers with their sickles, scythes and spades suggest planting is in progress from the beginning. This colony had millstones, bulls, heifers and sheep, along with all kinds of grain for sowing.
The first recorded Negro slaves were imported into the Americas by the Dutch in Virginia. The European methodology, based on inherent racism, is to first isolate the slaves from their cultural and their traditions, then to instill in them a sense of inferiority using legal, philosophical, religious, biological and scientific rational. Dehumanization is the objective in order to make them powerless by creating a stereotype of thief, liar, simple, suspicious, inefficient, irresponsible, lazy, superstitious, and loose in sexual relations. The patriarchal domination of all women compounded the misery of the slave woman. It is noteworthy that this was the same strategy employed by the Jesuits against the North American Indians and by the Roman Catholic Church, well into the late 20th century in Canada.
(I)-Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (1598-1642) joined the Algonquin on Allumette Island for the next two years, going where ever they went. He was with 400 Algonquin who entered into peace with the Hiroquois.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) was a Frenchman who years after his death is remembered by the Savages as he who practiced chastity and continence with respect to women, not so the other Frenchmen in New France who practice immodesties and the debauches of several women.
May 24: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo arrived in Kebec, staying the summer then departing for France on August 28.
July 7: Kebec, arrival (I)-Helene Bouille (1598-1645) wife of (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) and stayed for 2-3 years
August 15: Kebec, (I)-Francois Le Blousart Duplessis a noble Briton arrive Kebec, was killed by a rifle September 1, 1649, Kebec.
1620
Population of Kebec 83 French
(I)-Adrien du Chesne (Duchene), a surgeon, from Dieppe arrived Kebec this year. He remained in Kebec with his wife during the English occupation.
Pierre Antoine Pastedechouan a young Montagnais is taken to France for an education in French, Latin and is baptized.
(I)-Abraham Martin dit l’Ecossais, (1589-1664) the father of the bride, (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis (1624-1679) was one of the earliest colonists of the country. Having arrived before 1610, with his wife, he practiced the trade of royal pilot. His presence in New France, during the occupation by the Kirke brothers, between 1629 and 1632, is not unanimous with historians. Some, following Benjamin Sulte, affirm it strongly. Archange Godbout doubts it. Marcel Trudel and Rene Jette are of the opinion that, he and his family returned to France, which seems to be the case if we believe the observations held by Father Le Jeune, in 1632. (II)-Eustache Martin, Metis, b-1621 the eldest son of Abraham and his sister, Marguerite, were baptized respectively in 1621 and 1623, were the second and third children of White men born at Quebec, the first having been their cousin Helene Desportes, born in 1620, to the marriage of Pierre Desportes and Francoise Langlois. See 1609 – 1610 & 1624.
Guers a commission agent of the Duke Montmorency is in Kebec.
Kebec, baptism (II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis (1604-1639) son (I)-Louis Hebert, Metis (1575-1727) and (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649; married October 1, 1634, Kebec, Helene Desportes .
(I)-Oliver Tardif dit LeTardif, b-1601, died January 28, 1665, Chateau Richer was in the employ of Samuel de Champlain as interpreter to the Huron Nation. Tardif joined forces with Roch Manitouabewich of the Huron Nation as a guide, scout and traveling companion. Roch and his Huron wife later had a child who they named Marie Oliver Sylvestre, b-1626 in honor of Tardif. Tardif adopted the girl so she could receive a Christian education and at 10 years of age, in 1636 was placed with the family of (I)-Guillaume Hubou, d-1653, and Marie Rollet,d-1649, epouse (I)-Louis Herbert.
(I)-Noel Morin aka Morini (1609-1679) (Morini means brown of skin) arrived Kebec 1619 or 1620, married December 27, 1639, Quebec (II)-Helene Desportes (1620-1675) daughter (I)-Pierre Desportes and Francois Langlois.
Most Frenchmen who took Indian wives, this century in New France, did so a la facon du pays (according to Indian customs), regardless of French marriage laws and customs. Unfortunately most were not recorded or their Metis offspring.
The pirates dominated the coast of New France from 1612 to 1620, having stole 40,800 L and 1,080 fur traders and fishermen who were sold into slavery. This is astonishing considering Kebec only has 60-67 colonists at this time. The Hurons are supplying 50-60% of the French furs, and their other major industry for trade is agriculture.
John Nutt of England with his wife and family lived at Torby, Newfoundland. He captured a French fishing boat and became a pirate 1620 to 1623 and then captured two more French ships.
(I)-Jacques Archambault (venu de France avec sa famille) b-1604, died February 15, 1688, Montreal. married 1629 France, Francoise Toureau, sauvageese, b-1600, died December 9, 1663 Montreal. Some suggest Jacques Archambault married January 24, 1629, France, Francois Toureau, b-1600 France, died December 1663. Others suggest he married Francoise Chanveau b-1599 on January 24, 1629 in France. Others suggest 1st married, January 24, 1620, France, Francois Toureau (Touraude) daughter Francois Toueaude and Marthe Noel; 2nd marriage, June 6, 1666, Trois River, Marie Denote. The children attributed to Jacques and Francoise are Anne b-1621, likely Metis, Marie (I), b-1636, Louise, b-1640, Laurent, b-1642, and Marie (2), b-1644. It is reported that Jacques, Francoise and family arrived Quebec 1645. Also see Tanguay for Francois Toureau. As I see it there are three possibilities, 1. Tanguay made an error, 2. There are two Jacques Archambault in New France, 3. Jacques was in New France in 1620 and returned to France then returned to New France in 1645 and had 3 marriages one a country marriage to a sauvageese in 1620. This may account for one child born 1621 and the next child born 1636. It’s possible (I)-Denis Archambault died, August 25, 1651, Montreal, when a canon exploded, and he might be mixed up in this genealogy? Why would Tanguay post this under 1620 and say he came with his family, he had no family at this time? Every time I look at this it gets more messed up. Some say the Archambault family arrived New France, 1656, others say August 5, 1645 and others September 23, 1646. My best guess is we are dealing with more than one Jacques Archambault. The (OMFR) Ontario Metis Family Records identified Francois Toureau (1559-1663) as aboriginal.
The PRDH and Fischer Original, state the family all came from De Lardillière À Dompierre-Sur-Mer, Aunis, France, and Notary Adhemar reports their birth place as France, also.
SHARLENE BELL-HAUSSMANN says:
The first child I have is Jacques born c1629, (no other mention of him, so may have died in France) then Denis born 1630 then Anne I. the last child, of nine, is Marie II born 1644 in France.
Anne Archambault I – Born 1631 France.
ADHÉMAR — Fiche biographique
Archambault I, Anne
Informations générales
Sexe féminin
Naissance 1631/01/01 (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Lardillière)
Décès 1699/07/29 (Montréal)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
inconnue 1678/07/16 1699/07/28 administration civile
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l’union Fin de l’union
Chauvin dit Sainte-Suzanne, Michel 1647/07/29 1650/09/30
Gervaise, Jean 1654/02/03 1690/03/11
Laurent Archambault
ADHÉMAR — Fiche biographique
Archambault, Laurent
Informations générales
Sexe masculin
Naissance 1642/01/10 (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Lardillière)
Décès 1730/04/19 (Pointe-aux-Trembles)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
cultivateur et charpentier 1672/03/03 1693/03/24 agriculture-grande
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l’union Fin de l’union
Marchand, Catherine 1660/01/07 1713/02/24
Marie Archambault I
ADHÉMAR — Fiche biographique
Archambault I, Marie
Informations générales
Sexe féminin
Naissance 1636/02/24 (Dompierre-sur-Mer)
Décès 1719/08/16 (Pointe-aux-Trembles)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
inconnue 1668/04/26 1702/01/21 agriculture-grande
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l’union Fin de l’union
Tessier dit Lavigne, UrbainI_ 1648/09/28 1689/03/20
Port La Tour, Acadia, birth Andre Lasner, Metis son Louis Lasnier of Dieppe and Indian woman. Some believe this is the first recorded Metis birth in North America.
(II)-Anne Herbert, died Kebec, 1620, daughter, (I)-Louis Herbert, born 1575, died January 25, 1627, and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649); was married to (I)-Etienne Jonquit.
There is only sixty-seven official colonists, including women and children, in Fort Kebec (Quebec) at this time. Included are four French Recollects that are an offshoot of the Franciscan. The Franciscan or Minoritie are an old order, being established in 1223. The Franciscans are not popular with the Curia, as they demanded absolute poverty to awaken popular piety and scientific works. The Franciscan established themselves at St. Charles River. These first priests are Father’s Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632), Jean D’Olbeau, Dennis Jamey and Pacifique du Plessis. Father Jean D’Olbeau said the first mass in New France, then removed himself to the Tadoussac Trading Post. Carbon attached himself to the Wendat Nation. This would imply that 15 colonists either died, returned to France or are in the country as free traders?
Kabec begins to fortify their fort.
The free fur traders established a trading post called Palace Royal at Hochelaga (Ville-Marie Montreal). The Catholic Priests would later consider these free traders as having the instincts and morals of pirates. They would call them Coureurs des Bois. The priests would come to believe that free thinking and free trading pose a considerable threat to the fur trade and religious monopoly. Their thinking is consistent with the rising French philosophy of absolutism; one King, one Religion. Because of this absolutism belief, the Church historians largely ignore the contribution of the early Coureurs des Bois in opening up the continent. Unfortunately, they had to glorify some lesser men or claim the glory for themselves. Meanwhile, the Wendat (Huron) are building upon their farming and trading empire and are the major merchant center in New France. They would supply New France with beans and corn. Later tobacco would become a major trade item.
Few European women survived in New England, and the Company of Virginia undertook the recruitment of young and uncorrupted maids for Jamestown. The population of Jamestown, Virginia drops from 1,000 to 866 due to death or abandonment. The English Puritans who seceded from the Church of England exiled in the Netherlands, obtained patent for a settlement near the Hudson River in Southern Virginia. The Mayflower arrived on November 9, 1620 at Cape Cod (Provincetown) harbor. This location is outside Virginia, making their patent useless, so they claimed their own liberty, as none had the power to command them. They established a civil body politic, claiming submission and obedience to just and equal laws. They relocated to Plymouth on December 16 and, by spring, 52 of the 102 died. The Wampanoag Indians showed them how to plant and cultivate corn. They eventually would trade corn for beaver pelts.
(I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne (1598-1642) lived among the Algonquians of Allumette Island on the Ottawa River and Nipissing until 1620-1621. He spent the next 8-9 years(1622-1630/31) with the Algonquin Nipissiriniens at Lake Nipissing.. The French called the Nipissings the Nation des Sorciers. He traveled Green Bay and the Fox and Illinois Rivers. He had his own cabin which likely suggests he had a family. He married likely about 1622-1630) a Nipissing woman b-1610 and had a daughter Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet. Metis, born 1623-1631) and a 2nd marriage October 7, 1737, Kebec, (II)-Marguerite Couillard, Metis, b-1626
Father Joseph de la Roche, a Recollect, became a missionary to Kebec.
The Company of de Caen is created led by the De Caens, Guillaume Robin, Jacques de Troyes and Francois Herve, merchants; Francois de Troyes, chief of Royal Finances at Orleans, Claude le Ragois, receiver general of finance at Limoges; Pierre de Verton, counselor secretary of the King and others.
The first fort to occupy the top of the cliff at Quebec City was the one (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) constructed in 1620. It consisted of a few wooden buildings surrounded by a palisade.
New France begins formal registration of births, marriages and deaths at Kebec. Country marriages are not acknowledged.
The Recollets built a convent and chapel in 1620-1621 on St. Charles River, about one half a French league from Fort Kebec. They named it Notre Dame des Anges (on the site of the future General Hospital).
February 25: (I)-Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), is appointed Viceroy of New France, and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is confirmed as his lieutenant. He began construction of Fort Saint Louis on the cliff at Fort Kebec (Quebec). Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France, had bought Prince de Conde’s interests, and he established Compagne de Montmorency for la Nouvelle France that gave a trade monopoly to Guillaume William de Caen, a merchant, and Calvinist and his cousin Emary, a naval Captain. He had an eleven-year trade monopoly that required he established six Recollects at Kebec and settle six French families per year. He is told to not annoy the Fathers or any of the Orthodox Christians. The Company of De Caen included Guillaume Robin, Jacques De Troyes, Francois Herve, Francois De Troyes, Claude Le Ragois, Pierre De Verton and others.
May 8: (I)-Helene Boulle born 1598 and married 1610 to (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived at Kebec with her husband and four women servants.
June 3: The Recollets laid the cornerstone of the first stone church and convent in Kebec, Notre Dame des Anges on the St. Charles river, about 1/2 league from Fort of Kebec.
July 20, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), an employee of The Company of De Caen, arrived in Kebec and began construction of Fort Saint Louis on Cap aux Diamants, on the cliff at Kebec.
August 30: family arrived Quebec, (I)-Abraham Martin, dit I’ecossois (1589-1664) a Scotsman, with 2nd wife Marguerite Langlois b-1611 he married this year in France, (not likely see 1609 – 1610 & 1624) her sister (I)-Francoise Langlois b-1600 who married December 31, 1620, France, (I)-Pierre Desportes, b-1600 and daughter (II)-Anne Martin. It is noteworthy that the Plains of Abraham is named after Martin. (I)- Pierre Desportes, b-1600 married December 31, 1620, France (I)- Francoise Langlois (1599-1629). This appears highly unlikely as Francoise was already in Kebec. Others suggest Martin & Desportes arrived Kebec in 1619 or 1620. Some suggest both families stayed in Kebec during the English occupation, while others say they were deported. It is noteworthy that (II)-Helene Desportes (1620-1675) daughter (I)-Pierre Desportes and (I)-Francois Langlois arrived this date, this year so it not likely they were married in December this year in France. This conflicting information could suggest Francois might be Indian or Metis?? Some suggest Tanguay made an error and (II)-Helene Desportes was b-1601?
August 30: Kebec (II)-Anne Martin (1614-1684) arrived with father (I)-Abraham Martin, a Frenchman and stepmother Marguerite Langlois, a shipmate aboard the Le Sallemande. Her biological mother was Guillemette Couillard. Anne married 1636 Kebec, Jean Cote d-1661, who arrived Kebec July 20, 1635.
November 8: Henri, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Viceroy of New France, bought the Prince de Conde’s commercial interests and established the Compagnie de Montmorency pour la Nouvelle France which gave a monopoly to Guillaume de Caen and his cousin Emery.
December: Gape Cod, the colonists discovered a corpse with blond hair and assumed he was from a French shipwreck a few years earlier.
Note:Several ManyRoads readers have questioned the accuracy of some of the Metis claims presented in this document by Mr. Garneau. Should you have evidence that you would like to present refuting the veracity and accuracy of any claims made by Mr. Garneau, which you would like us to present here, please contact us directly.
We are happy to present all relevant information here, in the interest of fairness, full disclosure and accuracy.
The following material is written by: R.D. (Dick) Garneau, who is solely responsible for its accuracy.
1536
(I)-Philipie Rougemont (1518-1536) died at Kebec, Canada being part of Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) crew.
Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) is believed to have named New France Canada this year. It is believed that Cartier traveled with Verrazzano to Canada in 1524 and 1528. It is also believed he was in Newfoundland prior to 1534.
Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) is impressed with the town of Monte Real (Hochelaga); a fortified Iroquois Fort, as it closely resembled European culture. The fields round about are very fertile, being tilled, and grapes are abundant. The Iroquois had amassed muskrat pelts between Quebec and Montreal from trade with the Europeans.
The first tourists to Canada are 30 gentlemen who chartered a ship under the direction of Richard Hore of London to see the strange things of the world. They ran out of provisions in Newfoundland and reverted to cannibalism. Richard Hakluyt interviewed a survivor who said the English gentlemen killed their fellow mates while they stopped to take up a root for their relief and cutting out pieces of his body who he had murdered broiled the same on the coals and greedily devoured them. A well-provisioned French fishing ship saves Richard Hore and the surviving tourists. Hore captured the French ship and, left its crew to an unrecorded fate, and sailed home.
May 6: Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) had to abandon his ship, Petite Hermine, as he lack sufficient crew to navigate all three ships.
1537
June 2″ Pope Paul III banned the enslavement of Indians in the New World. No one listened!
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1490-1557), the Great Spanish explorer who spent 1527-1537 exploring the interior of America, having lived among the Indians, reports the French pirates are attacking Spanish ships out of Havana. The Spanish have recently lost three ships. As they neared Spain, the French pirates again tried to take the Spanish ships but are scared off by the Spanish navy. He noted that the French ship employed slave Negroes as oarsmen, so the Spanish ships could not overtake them in the pursuit.
1538
September: The King of France commissioned the following list of men for the New Lands (Lands of Cod): 120 mariners, 40 musketeers, 30 carpenters, 10 master masons, 4 blacksmiths, 2 goldsmiths and 6 priests.
1540
The French, in 1687, claim that Jean Francois de la Rocque, Sieur de Roberval (1500-1560) took possession of the Bay of the North (Hudson Bay) for France this year. Jean Alfonse of Saintonge explored the coastline of Labrador. Roberval became Lieutenant General of Canada, despite being a Protestant convert. He commanded Jacques Cartier.
Map maker, Sebastian Munster, named Canada as Francisca and assumed the Bay of the North (Hudson Bay) extended down to the Carolinas based upon false information supplied by Verrazzano (1524). Basque fishermen worked the Strait of Belle Isle until 1610, hunting the boehead and right whales that migrated past Labrador and Newfoundland. A village at Red Bay, Labrador, containing nearly a thousand men, rendered the whales blubber into oil during the five month summer season. Most men, however, would winter back in Europe. The French and English would later consider this age-old universal concept of a different winter, and summer homes site a heathen practice.
A Portuguese agent claimed that many thousands of animal skins are being brought to France from the New World.
1541
The Huguenots made an abortive colonization attempt this year but abandoned the venture in 1542. Jean Francois de LeRocque de Roberval (1500-1560) was commissioned to establish a colony in New France and to construct churches and fortified towns. Jacques Cartier is employed as a guide but returned to France from Newfoundland dispite Roberval’s orders. Roberval established his colony at Charlesbourg-Royal on Cape-Rouge, where Jacques Cartier had previously built a fort. The first New France colony was named France Roy and the river (St. Lawrence) was named France Prime. They ventured to Montreal and built a strong house on river Sinagua (Saguenay River). Basque fishermen from Pyreness had built drying racks for their cod catch at the mouth of the Saguenay River. Roberval was excessively cruel, withholding food and water if his men didn’t work to his satisfaction. If someone fainted he was immediately punished. Lashes were dispensed frequently. One day six workers were hung. One was isolated on an island with his feet chained. Most of his colony was ex-convicts. The colony was abandoned in 1542.
It is noteworthy that Basque or Euskara predates the Celts and is unrelated to any other language in the world. Port aux Basques, Newfoundland speak of their presence as does Isles-aux-Basques that are islets where the Basques whalers put ashore to render blubber into oil for shipment back to Spain. The Basque word for god is Jinkoa, is a very ancient word with no known resembling word in the world.
Martin de Artalequ’s San Salvador of 100 tons set sail for Terranova.
Angel de Villagane, governor of Spanish Florida ordered Antoinio Velazquez to sail north with provisions for the Spanish colony of Santa Elena on the South Carolina coast, he was blown off course and ended up in Chesapeake Bay off the coast of Maryland/Virginia. Quejo had visited the area earlier in 1521.
January 15: Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval (1500-1560) is appointed the first Viceroy of Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador with little regard to the Spanish claim of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas.
April: Martin de Artalequ records he talked to Cartier’s men near Spear Island, not far from St. John’s where he had a barrel of cider and a cask of ship’s biscuit taken from him by Roberval’s men.
May 23: Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) left St. Malo with five ships and 1,500 men, arriving Stadacona, Quebec August 3. The Iroquois were not happy with the French as they did not return the kidnapped Iroquois from the last expedition.
October 17: Francis I appointed Roberval (1500-1560) as the superior over Cartier (1491-1557). This would later infuriate Cartier.
1542
Marguerite de La Rocque co-seigneuress of Pointpoint, a close relative of Sieur de Roberval (1500-1560), accompanied him on this years voyage to Canada. Shocked by Marguerite taking a lover, Roberval set her ashore of Ile des Demons in the Saint Lawrence River with her lover and a servant girl. The young man, the servant girl and Marguerite’s child which was born on the island, died. Marguerite managed to survive and was rescued two years five month later by French fisherman. This would represent the first recorded Country Marriage and the birth of the first European child in New France (Canada).
Hurtleberry pie is introduced into Newfoundland that is made from blueberries, blackberries, bilberries and huckleberries. The term originated about 1450.
Michel Gaillon, a companion of Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval (1500-1560), was hanged at Cap Rouge (Charlesburg Royal) making him the first Canadian to be executed.
April 16: Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval (1500-1560) sailed from La Rochelle, France with three ships and 200 convicts for America to create a French settlement.
June 8: Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval (1500-1560) encountered Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) at St. John’s Newfoundland and ordered Cartier to return to Canada. Cartier refused this direct order from his superior. Jacques Cartier snuck off in the night, fully aware that Roberval could have him executed (hanged) as a traitor.
July: Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval (1500-1560) reached Cartier’s settlement at Cap Rouge and renamed it France Royal. Michel Gaillon was hanged for theft at France Royal, alias Cap Rouge, Quebec. Roberval lost 50 men to scurvy, indicating that Cartier had not told him of the Indian method to avoid this ailment. This first attempt to start a colony failed. It is noteworthy that competent sailors from Europe were well aware of scurvy and usually gathered the herb alexanders to cure the ailment. This herb was in use since 1 A.D. by the Romans to prevent scurvy.
September: Newfoundland sailors (Robert Lefand) reported that Jacques Cartier and Sieur de Roberval (1500-1560), after one year with three ships, had accumulated eleven barrels of gold ore and a quantity of precious stones, rubies and diamonds. This is likely the source for the current saying: false as a diamond of Canada. The gold turned out to be pyrite and the diamonds quartz. It is noteworthy that diamonds would later be discovered in Canada in the twentieth century.
September 19: Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval (1500-1560) pardoned Aussillon de Sauverterre.
1543
Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval (1500-1560) wintered at France Royal (Cap Rouge, Quebec) where 60 men died. Several insubordinate prisoner colonists were hung, while others were imprisoned.
June 6: After an unsuccessful trip to explore the Saguenay, the Roberval settlement is abandoned and the colonist prisoners return to France.
1544
Tadoussac, Quebec, at the mouth of the Saguenay River on the St. Lawrence River, is established this year by the Basque. Tadoussac is an ancient Native trading center and was likely visited by many traders before the Basque made this a wintering trading and fish processing site.
1545
A Frenchman wrote the people of Norumbega (Penobscot River in Maine), are docile, friendly and peaceful, the land overflows with every kind of fruit, wholesome orange, almonds and many sweet smelling trees. Another writer said the people were tall and fair, spoke words that sounded like Latin, and worshiped the sun.
1546
The word boucaner by the French means to dry and smoke meat or fish. They learned this new way of cooking from the Tupi People of the Amazon River in South America.
1554
Joanes de Segura records his venture to the Labrador coast between the Pinware River and Red Bay. Canada was known as Terranova or Terre Neuve by the French.
April: Three Spanish ships, San Esteban, Espiritu Santo and Santa Maria de Yciar, stuffed to the gunwales with passengers and New World treasures departed Mexico. The were sailing from Veracruz, Santa Maria de Yeiar Espiritu Santo, and San Esteban bound for Havana then Spain. A storm blew they off course northward where they ran aground and were pounded to pieces near Padre Island, Texas. The captain in a small boat with some survivors returned to Mexico to alert officials of the disaster. The balance of survivors were eventually killed by the Indians. Within a few weeks a salvage ship arrived from Veracruiz to save about 50% of the cargo.
1555
Gaspard de Coligny, a French Huguenot, established a colony at the mouth of the Rio de Janeiro. It was captured by the Portuguese in 1560.
The Portuguese named the entire Maritime region of America as Baccalaos. The name survived in Baccaro, Acadia ( Nova Scotia) and Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland.
Richard Eden this year wrote the Decades of the Newe Worlde: “Cadot him selfe named those landes Baccalloas (Newfoundland), bycause that in the seas ther about he found so great mulitiude of certayne bigge fysshes…which th’ inhabitantes caule Baccallaos.” This entry is interesting in two ways, first it would suggest Baccallaos was first discovered by the Portuguese as this is their word for cod. Second said the inhabitants of Newfoundland called the Island Baccallaos, this suggests European ‘settlements’ preceded Cadot 1497, as the Indians are not likely to use a Portuguese word to describe their land. The word Baccallaos is traced back to earlier than 950 A.D. in Europe. That word or any possible derivation does not appear in Native American languages.
1556
The Spanish ship Ines de Soto was wrecked and sank west of Havania.
1557
Ten young Brazilian Indians were purchased by Villegaignon, and sent to France as a gift to King Henry II. The king distributed them among the nobles of his court. Lescarbot
1560
Basques Agore’s Chalupa is discovered in Red Bay, Labrador.
1562
A map by Italian Cartographer Faolo Forlani is believed to be the first known map to label Canada as Canada. It also records the Arctic Ocean, Laborador and Stadacone (later known as Quebec City) of the Iroquois confederation.
Discouraging reports of settlement prospects along the St. Lawrence River in Canada discouraged a settlement by Jean Ribault. Jean Ribault, from Dieppe, with 150 Huguenot colonists, set up a pillar (stone column) at the mouth of the St. John River (below Jacksonville, Florida). He then established a colony at Port Royal, South Carolina. Some of the colonists returned to France in 1564. In 1565 the Spanish captured the French settlement and put the people to the sword.
Ribault landed at Parris Island, South Carolina and built a small fort (Charlesfort) to defend it, leaving 27 men. He promised to return but is unable due to the infighting between the Catholics and Huguenots. At Fort Charles, a fire destroyed most of the provisions. The officer in charge hanged one of the men; the crew mutinied, built their own ship, and sailed home after some 11 months. The queen of France commanded Ribaut to bring back some of the natives. In obedience to her command, Ribaut attempted to detain two of the natives on board ship to carry them to France, but the savages managed to escape and swam to shore
Charles IX of France gave his permission to allow Huguenots to settle Florida. His motives are highly suspect.
1563
Jacques le Moyne is in the Rene de Laudonniere party when they established a trading post at Parris Island, South Carolina named Fort Caroline. John Hawkins of Plymouth called at Fort Caroline and brought home a packet of tobacco.
1564
Rene de Laudonniere led more Huguenots to Florida, building Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. John’s River. Pedro Menendez de Aviles, of Spain, sent a fleet to destroy the French colony. He attacked the Fort and massacred the French defenders including Jean Ribault who arrived to help the colonists. Some suggest the destruction of the French colony by the Spanish was in 1565.
1565
In the Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador, a 300 ton Basque galleon, the San Juan, sank with 55,000 gallons of oil worth some six million dollars in present value. A Major Basque settlement existed at Tor Bay, Acadia (Nova Scotia) about this time. Another major Basque settlement was at Lesquemin (Les Escumins, Quebec).
St. Augustine, Florida is established this year by Pedro Menendez de Aviles.
1566
The Spanish discovered the French Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina and built their own fort, San Felipe, right on top of Charlesfort. They didn’t want to acknowledge claim to their capital.
Bolongnini Zaltieri named Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as Larcaida (Acadia).
A French ship in search of strange adventures sailed to Terra Nova (Labrador). They met with a man, his wife and child. The French attempted to capture the family. The man was shot in the body with an arrow and wounded on the side with a sword, but he fought with increased fury. Finally he was killed, but not before he had slain 12 French and Portuguese.
1568
November 8: An English pirate named John Hawkins marooned 114 sailors just north of Tampico, Mexico. The men, starving and unarmed, split into two groups, half headed south toward Tampico. They were captured and imprisoned in Mexico after suffering devastating Indian attacks. Some lost their lives in the Inquisition of 1575. The remainder headed north, David Ingram, Richard Twide and Richard Browne survived to reach safety and freedom in Acadia ( Nova Scotia). They estimate they traveled 2,000 miles, followed the coast to the Rio Grande then north through ZAlabama, and Georgia, passing near Florida’s St. John River. The basically followed the Atlantic coast to New Brunswick, Canada. They traded pearls gathered along the way for passage on a French ship.
1569
The Mercator Map suggests that the Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay (Hudson Bay or Bay of the North) was explored some time prior to this date, likely by the Portuguese.
1570
The Basque brothers Joanes, d-1588 and Martin de Elcano made a number of fishing trips to Terranove and selling their codfish in the Azores. Many Basque fishermen reported they had spent some 20 years in Terranove waters.
Vicente Gonzalez sailed from Havana by way of Santa Elena (off South Carolina’s Port Royal Sound) to deliver Spanish Jesuit missionaries to Chesapeake Bay. Florida governor Menendez de Aviles had asked the Jesuits to investigate the possibility of a route to the mountains and to China. Gonzalez sailed three times to resupply the Jesuits but they had fallen to Indian attacks.
Louis de Quiros and Juan Baptista de Segura, two Spanish Jesuits reported reaching the south western shore of Chesapeake Bay. Pedro Menendez de Aviles and his nephew Pedro Menendez Marquez surveyed Chesapeake Bay this year.
A French ship arrived Norumberga (Maine) and sailed up the Kennebec River to establish a fort and colony. In 1575 Father Andrew Thevet, a Franciscan returned to France to report the status of the colony. George Peckham and Thomas Gerard headed up the colony. In 1583 a supply ship with more colonists sunk with all hands trying to reach the colony. The ultimate fait of the colony is not known.
1571
The Jesuits Juan de Segura and others of the Spanish Mission of Chesapeake Bay are killed by Paquiquineo renamed Don Luis de Velasco or Don Luis and his followers. Why these friendly Natives killed the Jesuits is not recorded.
1576
Martin Frobisher (1539-1594), a fortune hunter, a sea dog and, as some claimed, an infamous, outrageous pirate, journeyed this year and in 1577 and 1578 to Canada, making land fall at Hall Island.
His second expedition ended in Hudson Strait, being blocked by ice. His encounter with the Eskimo led him to believe they have had previous encounters with Europeans, as the were very familiar with the ship and possessed European trade goods.
July 20: Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) named this area Resolution Island, off the southeastern end of Baffin Island as Queen Elisabeth’s Forlande. Sailing north, he discovered a passage dividing Asia from America and named it Frobisher Strait (Frobisher Bay). Frobisher Bay would later be renamed Iqaluit; meaning the place where the fish are.
August 19: Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) traded with the Eskimo (Inuit) Natives for meat and furs and convinced the Eskimo to pilot them through Frobisher Strait. Frobisher sent five of his men among the natives to scope a rout to the west, and they disappeared.
October 9: Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) the pirate departed for England with samples of iron pyrite, believing them to be gold. He returned with a captive Eskimo, complete with kayak, but the Eskimo, he believed, had made off with five of Frobisher’s men and a boat.
1577
Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) returned to Canada in search of gold with fifteen ships and 400 men, and entered into war with the Eskimo, but this time Frobisher is shot in the buttocks, likely fleeing from the Eskimo. Frobisher ambushed a number of Eskimo, taking one or two captive, but others jumped into the sea rather than being taken. A mother and wounded child were taken as slaves to England. The captured slaves died about a month after landing in England on September 17, 1577.
A Basque fleet was frozen into a harbor in the Strait of Belle Isle, forcing the men to winter. This winter 540 men died despite lots of fish and oil.
1578
It is recorded that 150 French vessels per year are fishing and trading the New World. Spain has 300 vessels and the English 30-50 vessels fishing off Newfoundland. These numbers would significantly increase each year. Another tally records off the coast of Newfoundland 100 Spanish ships, 20 or 30 Biskaie ships, 50 from Portugal, 150 of French and Britons all catching cod.
Some claim that Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) erected the first permanent European building in America this year on Kodlumarn Island. This, however, excludes the Viking and Fishermen who have been here before him.
Marquis de la Roche Mesgoues (1540-1606) is appointed Viceroy of New France with authority to colonize the region.
There is a printed reference to Penguin Island, Newfoundland but this island was occupied by the auks not penguin.
May 31: Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) led a fleet of 15 ships to establish a settlement at Frobisher’s Bay (Iqaluit) to mine gold.
June 30: Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) claimed Greenland for England, renaming it West England.
July 2: Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) sailed up the Mistaken Strait (Hudson Strait) and tried to reassemble his fleet. One ship was lost by crushing ice but the crew were rescued, and one ship deserted back to England.
July 24: Martin Frobisher’s fleet gathered in Frobisher Bay (Igaluit) which he renamed Countess of Warwick Sound.
July 30: Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) found the Judith and Michael behind Anne Warwick Island (Kodlunarn Island), having been lost. The Reverend Robert Wolfal conducted the first Thanksgiving service in North America, with 100 men. George Best was the chronicler of this expedition and also conducted a Thanksgiving meal.
August 31: Martin Frobisher (1539-1594) set sail for England, and the other remaining 13 ships departed on September 2. All returned safely by October 1 with their fools gold.
1579
Simo Fernandes, a Portuguese in English service and John Walker scouted the Penobscot, River in Maine in separate voyages and made no reference of cities filled with gold, silver and pearls as previously noted.
Richard Whitbouene born before 1564, died after 1628 and between 1579-1628 constantly visited New-Found-Land for whaling and trading with the Indians.
1580
Basque activities in the Saint Lawrence estuary and River reached its peak between 1550-1580.
Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) was a propagator on the cultural theme “noble Savage’. Most of his material was however borrowed from others.
1581
Merchants from St. Malo, France began to trade for furs up the St. Lawrence River, in competition with the Basque traders.
1582
Vicente Gonzalez with fifty soldiers in two ships sailed to South Carolina to capture the French as reported being in Charleston Harbour. He visited every possible harbors along the coast but found no Frenchmen.
1583
Humphrey Gilbert (1537-1583), brother of Walter Raleigh, with 4 ships and 260 men, departed to establish a colony on Newfoundland. Within two days his largest ship had to return because a contagious disease broke out.
It is estimated that 25,000 ships have sunk off the coast of Nova Scotia since this date to the year 2000.
August 5: Humphrey Gilbert encountered 36 ships in the St. John’s harbor of Newfoundland from Spain, Portugal, France and England. He demanded they pay tribute, like a common pirate, on the pretext that he claimed the southeast coast of New Found Land for England. He refused to recognize the previous claims of the Spanish, French, and Portuguese to Newfoundland. The arrogant Gilbert claims that the English establish St. John’s Newfoundland this year, but what were 36 ships doing in the harbor? This site has likely been in use for decades. A storm resulted in the loss of more of his ships including his papers, his false claims and his very own life. The remainder of his fleet returned to England. He was considered a poor seaman. Others suggest he was incompetent. Some suggest some of his writings survived including his comments on St. John’s; “very good and full of all sort of victuall, as fish both of the fresh water, and sea fish, deere, pheasants, partridges, swannes, and divers fowles’.
August 29: HMS Delight with master Richard Clarke, under command of Humphrey Gilbert in his frigate ordered Clarke to sail close to Sable Island. Clarke protested but gave into Gilbert’s orders and ran aground, broke up and sank. Gilbert couldn’t or didn’t assist the sinking ship and most died. Sixteen men including Clarke escaped in a small boat and spent 7 days finally reaching Newfoundland and rescue by a Basque whaling ship. It is not known why Gilbert didn’t pick up the surviving crew.
1584
Walter Raleigh sent an expedition under Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to Roanhoke Island, Croatain Sound, North Carolina. The expedition reported that the natives are the most gentle, loving and faithful; void of all guile and treason. They lived after the manner of the Golden Age. Some believe Thomas Harriot (1560-1621) was included on this voyage of discovery.
1585
Ralph Lane (1530-1603) and 100 men established a colony on Roanoke Island, North Carolina. The colony however is short lived. Some suggest Ralph Lane (1530-1603) was a clumsy diplomat and aroused Indian hostility thereby dooming the colony. Ralph Lane explored northeast from Roanoke to the southern shore of Chesapeake Bay where he wintered. Humphrey Gilbert, an Englishman, lost 3 of 5 ships on Sable Island about this time.
Vicente Gonzalez sailed to to the mouth of the Sasquehanna River at the northern end of Chesapeake Bay looking for English who might be invading this Spanish territory.
Richard Grenville (1542-1591) with a Portuguese navigator named Simao Fernandes, sailed with 492 men and 108 colonists. Ralph Lane is governor of the colony. Thomas Hariot was assigned scientist/surveyor and John White named as artist/naturalist. England and Spain were at war and this counts for the high number of fighting men. They would build the short lived Roanoke Island colony.
April 9: Thomas Harriot (1560-1621) sailing for Walter Raleigh to the colony in the New Found Land of Virginia being unsuccessful in establishing a colony returned to Plymouth July 1586.
July 20: John Davis (Davys) (1550-1605) of Dartmouth, England contacted the Eskimos of Greenland, attempting to discover the descendants of the old Norse settlers. He called the Eastern Viking settlement the Land of Desolation. He then rounded Cape Farewell to visit the western Viking settlement. He then sailed to Baffin Island, then on to Cumberland Sound, but being blocked by ice returned to England.
July 22: Simao Fernandes ordered a change in plans and told the settlers to build on the remains of the old Ralph Lane’s settlement where several cottages still stood. There were 89 men, 17 women and 11 children. Among the colonists were Ananias Dare and his pregnant wife and Eleanor White Dare, the governors daughter.
July 28: The Indians killed one of the colonists as he fished for crab. White attacked the mainland Indian village only to discover it contained Indians who were friendly to the English.
August 18: Eleanor Dare delivered a daughter, Virginia, believed, the first born European on record in America. A second child was born at Roanoke a few days later. This colony became known as the ‘Lost Colony’ as supplies could not be shipped because of war between Spain, France and England.
1586
John Davis (1550-1605) conducted a second voyage in search of the Northwest passage with four ships, returning to England October 6.
1587
John Davis (1550-1605) conducted a third voyage in search of the Northwest passage with three ships, returning to England September 15.
Another colony is established on Roanoke Island, North Carolina with 117 men, women and children and by 1588, the colony is deserted. Their whereabouts is unknown.
English colonists in Virginia reported that, because Indians died in each town they passed and they themselves had not become sick, the Indians believed the English must be spirits of the dead returning to the world.
1588
Marquis de la Roche was confirmed as Viceroy of Canada, Acadia, and adjoining lands. He was empowered to levy troops, declare war, build towns, promulgate laws, and execute them, to concede lands with Feudal privileges, and regulate Colonial trade.
Marquis de la Roche set sail with 48 convicts, men and women, from French prisons to Acadia. Fearing the convicts might desert he landed them on Sable Island, a barren sand-bank, 120 miles S.E. Acadia ( Nova Scotia). He then went to explore for an ideal colony location. Bad weather drove Marquis back to France, or so he claimed, abandoning his settlers to sure death. When the Marquis returned to France he was thrown into prison for this barbarous act. see 1593 & 1598
Vicente Gonzalez surveyed the coast off present New Jersey and he considered the James and Susquehanna River as possible passages to the Pacific.
June 24: Vicente Gonzalez sailed along the Outer Banks and found debris from English colonists but failed to find evidence of the English Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island, he reported that the English had disappeared.
1590
Captain Georges sailed to the West but is turned back by ice.
Acadia, since 1524, referred to the east coast of America but, about this time, it was narrowed to refer to New Brunswick, Acadia ( Nova Scotia), Prince Edward Island, southeastern Quebec and eastern Maine. The term Acadian would evolve to refer to Francophone Maritimers, regardless of their cultural background which contained a high percentage of Metis.
August 17: An English ship finally reached Roanoke Island but found the colony deserted. There were no human remains to be found. The fate of the colonists is a mystery to this day. Some speculate they were all killed but a legend persists that they fled the coast and were eventually assimilated with an inland tribe, possibly the Lumbees.
1592
The name Bay Bulls, Newfoundland was in common usage from this date. It is considered the oldest settlement in North America.
1593
The King finally sent the Marquis de la Roche’s pilot back to Acadia to determine the fait of the Sable Island colony. Of the 48 convicts only 12 survived. The limited food supply and lack of trees caused fights to break out resulting in a number of early deaths. A ship wreck provided lumber for crude shelters. No mention is made of any survivors of this ship wreck. Some domestic animals still ran wild believed to be from Baron de Lery landing of 1513. Others suggest the survivors were not recovered until 1603. See 1598.
1594
Martin Frobisher (1539-1594), a fortune hunter, a sea dog and, as some claimed, an infamous, outrageous pirate, is shot by a Spaniard.
1596
The Jesuit claim the English established a colony in the Great Gulf of America Sea, formally called Mocosa, they named the colony Virginia but were forced by the natives to abandon it in 1696.
January 1: The Chancellor an English ship commissioned to attack Spanish and French ships in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence sank off the coast of Cape Breton.
1597
John Davis (1550-1605), a navigator, observed a furious overfall (riptide) ebbing out of Hudson Strait. He returned to England with cod and sealskins to turn a tidy profit.
Apostolos Valerianos, a Greek, claimed to have discovered the North Sea; the name used to define the Arctic waters at this time.
The Spanish governor of Florida Gonzalo Mendez de Canzo sent Gaspar de Salas and two Franciscans, Pedro Fernandez de Choza and Francisco de Verascola to explore Georgia for a potential agricultural settlement. The reached Tama (Milledgeville, Georgia). They went up the Oconee River for one day before returning to Tama.
June 23: The English war ship Chancewell wrecked most likely near Ingonish or St. Annes Bay of Cape Breton Island.
1598
The French, in 1687, claimed that King Henri (IV) the Great commissioned Troilus de Mesgouez, Marquis de la Roche to confirm the French claim on the Bay of the North (Hudson Bay). He was appointed on January 12, 1598 as Lieutenant General of Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador and Norumbega (Maine).
Francisco Fernandez de Ecija made a series of voyages to Georgia and the Carolines to negotiate the release of a Franciscan held captive by the Natives after a revolt in 1597 against Guale (Georgia coastal) mission.
March: Marqu’s de la Roche Mesgouez attempted to establish a colony on Sable Island (Iie de Sable), Acadia and introduced the first hogs (pigs, swine) to Canada. Marqu collected 60 men and women from the prisons of Brittany and Normandy for his colony on Sable Island. They were vagabonds and beggars. Forty eight died the first winter and one was hanged for theft. Roche departed for St. John’s, Newfoundland and returned to France, abandoning his settlement. They were forced to subsist on fish and wild cattle. see 1588 and 1593 for a different account. The 17 survivors are finally rescued in 1603.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain was born Brouage in Saintonge on the Bay of Biscay about 1567 and died December 25, 1635, Quebec. This year he voyaged to the West Indies and Central America as a Geographer. He also fought under Henry of Navarre (King Henry IV) in the latter stages of the French Wars of Religion (1593-1598). His lack of civic, political and military experience would cause vary serious problems, but most agree he was energetic and personable and devoted his life to New France to the best of his ability.
1599
(I)-Captain Francois Dupont Grave (1554-1619) called the Algonquin summer stopping place as Trois Rivieres.
(I)-Nicolas Marsolet de Saint-Aignan (1587-1677) is appointed by King Henry IV as drogman (interpreter) to La Nouvelle France.
Some historians consider this the end of the Renaissance (rebirth) period (1300-1600). A belief emerged during this period that humans can dominate over nature. They also learned the philosophy of war. The objectives of war according to E. Pocquet are:
, Steel others possessions,
. carry off others cattle,
. burn their houses,
. kill men,
.rape women.
November 22: (I)-Francois Grave du Pont ( Pontgrave) (1554-1629) and (I)-Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit d-1603 are appointed the position of Lieutenant General of Canada, Newfoundland and Norumbega (Nova Scotia/Maine), being forfeited by Troilus de Mesgouez, Marquis de la Roche.
1600
A merchant of St. Malo, named (I)-Francois Grave Du Pont ( Pontgrave) (1554-1629), with (I)-Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit (d-1602), and Pierre Du Gua, Sieur De Monts (1558-1628) and with four ships and sixteen colonists, established a settlement at Tadoussac (meaning nipples or breasts). Pontgrave led the colony only because he had been there a number of times before and knew the people. The French called the natives Montagnais, the residents called themselves Innu meaning the people. They built a trading house. Tadoussac is a well-established fur trading and wintering site at the mouth of the Saguenay River. The Montagnais had 2nd and 3rd generation Metis at this time. About 1,000 Algonkin, Etchiman and Montagnais descend on Tadoussac each year to trade. Pontgrave and Chauven returned to France in the autumn with a cargo of furs, leaving sixteen men at Tadoussac. Eleven died that winter, and the rest went to live with the savages (native people) who were called the Montagnais Naskapi. Others suggest the Montagnais saved the remaining 5 men. The Montagnais had been trading with the Europeans for over fifty years. It is interesting that people who provide refuge during a time of need are classified as savage. This over used, European term ‘savage’ carried a powerful hidden meaning. On the surface it means an uncultivated, untamed, barbarous, crude, cruel person who is without civilization. Its hidden meaning is that a savage is less than human and therefore has few, if any, inherent rights. The Iroquois harassed the Montagnais over the years.
Early and often, casual unions between European fishermen, traders, lumberjacks and Native women from Acadia to Labrador produced uncounted progeny who matured as Natives among their maternal relatives. Many would become known as Malouidit because so many of the fathers originated from St. Milo on the Brittany coast of France. Many others would become known as capitaines des sauvages.
The Native People had names for these European peoples:
The Europeans in general were called Wayabishkiwad by the Ojibwa; meaning white skin.
The Delaware used Woapsit for white skin.
The Europeans were Kiowa Bedalpago; meaning hairy mouth, others called them Takai; meaning his ears stick out.
Later the Americans were designated as big knife or long knife.
The French were Wameqtikosiu or builders of wooden ships.
The English were Wautacone or coat men.
The German and Dutch were Yah Yah Algeh for those who talk ya ya.
The Scotts were called Kentahere by the Mohawk which referred to the type of hat they wore, reminding them of a buffalo cow and her droppings.
The Negroes were Madawiyas of black flesh or black face.
The Chinese were Gooktlam for their pig tails.
(I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628) and (I)-Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit (d-1603) visited Acadia to determine a location for the first permanent French Huguenot settlement in America. They founded a Huguenot base at Tadoussac, Quebec.
The Roman Catholic Church, at this time, would not allow Huguenots to immigrate to New France. As a result, no official French colony was established in Canada, meaning village, until after 1600- or so they claimed. The reality is that no Protestants or Jews were allowed into New France according to official proclamations.
French fishermen and their families settled the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Newfoundland. The 9-island was later made a French territory.
1601
(I)-Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit (d-1603) sent the Esperance, a supply ship, to Tadoussac, (Quebec) and found five of the 12 colonists alive. As a result, Chauvin and (I)-Francois Grave du Pont ( Pontgrave) (1554-1629) would lose their position in New France. Others suggest (I)-Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit (d-1602) and company built 20 buildings this season
The Malecite (Maliseet) People alias Souriquois, lived in New Brunswick west of the St. John River and some believe they are Metis being decedents of Indian and European fishermen, especially the Basque. They are linked to the Algonquian linguistic family but some suggest 1/2 the original Malecite spoke 1/2 basque. It is noteworthy that the Malecite and Etchemin People are not indigenous to Acadia and only arrived this century. Malecite and Etchemin are believed to be the same Peoples. These People live in small houses and dress like Europeans. They are fair skinned as compared to the other Indians.
John Smith in search of the northwest passage, sailing from Jamestown explored the Chesapeake Bay area.
March: George Waymouth sailed from England for Virginia to reconnoiter a site for settlement. He then sailed north and made landfall off Nantucket Island, then off the Maine coast. He anchored off Monhegan Island and sent expeditions up the St. George and Kennebec Rivers. He kidnapped five Abenaki slaves and returned to England.
1602
France sent 16 ships to New France this season.
(I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) married 1602?, France, Marie Rollet dir Rolet (1588-1649) arrived Kebec 1617
FOUR CHILDREN ARE RECORDED:
(II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis, b-1604-1610, Acadia, d-1639, Kebec, married October 1, 1634, Kebec, Helene Desportes (Tanguay no date given)
(II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis, b-1606 or 1608, Acadia, d-1684, Quebec, married August 26, 1621, Kebec, Guillaume Couillard (Tanguay says b-1606 & 1608)
(II)-Anne Hebert, Metis, b-1603 – 1605 – 1607, Acadia d-1619, Kebec, married 1618, Kebec, Etienne Jonquest. (Tanguay no date given) if b-1607 then age 11 married? Highlighted dates are most probable if we believe Tanguay?
#1 (I)-Louis was in Acadia 1603 to 1607, without Rollet? He arrived early 1603 & returned to France in the fall of 1607.
#2 (I)-Louis was in Acadia 1610-1613, without Rollet?
#3 (II)-Guillemette, b-1606 couldn’t be daughter, if Tanguay is to be believed?
#4 It would appear researchers invent fact to meet the possibility of France born?
#5 It’s possible the children are Mi’Kmaq Metis, born Acadia and taken back to France?
#6 In 1610 (II)-Guillaume was age 35 and Rollet age 22, yet no more children? Most likely last birth 1607?
#7 Mi’Kmaq Metis of Basque and French traders were in Port Royal when (I)-Louis arrived this area early 1603.
#8 The claims for this family are very strange? It would appear the girls were born Acadia?
A supply ship was sent out to Sable Island, the first in two years and only found eleven remaining colonists.
Peter Easton, a privateer in Queen Elizabeth the 1st’s navy, lost his commission and turned to piracy from 1602 to 1615. By 1610 he commanded 1,400 men and 10 well-equipped warships. His headquarters was in Harbour Grace, Newfoundland. It is estimated his personal fortunate was close to $600 million Canadian.
(I)-Francois Grave du Pont (1554-1629) traveled to Tadoussac, Quebec and brought two Natives to France. When they were returned they said: “King Henri”, “he wished the Canadian people well”.
George Weymouth ventured to the Hudson Strait looking for the North West Passage to India for the East India Company, returning to England on September 5.
Sheila Nagaira of Ireland is captured by the Dutch who in turn are captured by the English Captain Peter Easton who was on his way to Newfoundland. During the voyage Sheila fell in love with Gilbert Pike and were married aboard ship. The settled into Mosquito in Conception Bay.
Gonzalo Mendez de Canzo, governor Florida sent Juan de Lara to investigate if the Spanish soldiers from New Mexico had reached Tama (Milledgeville, Georgia). It is not recorded if the overland expedition from New Mexico reached Tama.
Bartholomew Gosnold (1572-1607) of England with a crew of 31 sailed to southern Maine to Narragansett Bay. He sailed to Cape Cod into Nantucket Sound. He then built a fort on Elizabeth’s Isle, now called Cuttyhunk and explored the north shore of Buzzard’s Bay.
February: (I)-Aymer de Chaste d-1603 is named Lieutenant General of New France by King Henri IV of France. He is commissioned to establish a colony and is given a trading monopoly. He formed the De Chaste Trading Company.
April: Tadoussac, (Quebec) (I)-Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit (d-1603) took two ships with (I)-Francois Grave du Pont ( Pontgrave) (1554-1629) and made his last trip to the ‘New World’, trading for furs at Tadoussac
1603
France sent 80 vessels or boats to Newfoundland and New France this season.
A Spanish Basque ship is captured in Placentia menor (Argentia, Newfoundland) by Flamencos rebeldes.
(I)-Aymar de Chaste (d-1603) had obtained the trading monopoly for New France, Newfoundland and Larcadie (Acadie) in 1602 and had (I)-Francois Grave du Pont (1554-1629) appointed as his representative in New France this year and Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628) to govern Acadia..
(I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628) received royal patents for the colonization, commercial exploitation and government of Acadia for the next ten years. He would learn the Royal patents were worthless as the Basques ignored them and made off with most of the fur trade. He also found Jean Rossignol a French free trader working the Acadia area so he seized the pelts and the ship for illegal trading.
(I)-Louis Herbert (1575-1727) is with (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) this year.
Acadie (Acadia) appears to be a Micmac or Mi’Kmaq name meaning place of plenty. Others suggest (I)-Pont-Grave of St. Milo (1554-1629) had obtained the same authority of Marquis de la Roche and sent 3 barks that arrived safely in Acadian waters.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) published his 80 page “Des Sauvages” and freely admits that many people have written about Canada before he set down his account in 1603. What he doesn’t admit is his habit of recording the observations of others as his own without giving credit. This is fairly obvious in his brief narrative of 1599. It is noteworthy that the French and Basques had been fishing the St. Lawrence for the past 100 years and provided him with valuable navigation information. He met another Basque fisherman at Tor Bay, Nova Scotia who said he had been coming there since 1563. This fisherman in the ship Savalette that his father also fished this area as did his grandfather. Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) confirmed in 1535 that fishermen had indeed preceded him to America. It is noteworthy that Champlain chose the word Savage rather than Indian to describe the peoples of the New World.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) records the story of the Mi’-Kmaq (Micmac) concerning Gougou a 200 foot colossal woman who wades through the waters off Canada’s east coast catching unwary mariners.
Some suggest George Pophan of England established the Popham Colony at the mouth of the Kennebec River which was to be later called Maine. He built Fort St. George on Sabino Head with a stone walls, turrets and 20 buildings. Funding dried up and it was abandoned by 1608. Some suggest he built the fort in 1607 but I find it hard to believe you can build a stone walled fort with 20 buildings plant crops in one season. It is also suggest the (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) was aware of the structure in 1605.
February: (Canada meaning village) King Henri IV of France, named (I)-Aymer de Clermont de Chaste (d-1603) as “Lieutenant General of New France”.
March 15: (I)-Francois Grave du Pont (1554-1629) of the De Chaste Trading Company sailed for New France from Honfleur, France and allowed (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) to join his expedition.
May 13: (I)-Aymar de Chaste (died May 13, 1603) and France granted (I)-Pierre du Gua, sieur de Monts (1558-1628), the New France trade monopoly.
May 8: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) landed on the east coast of Nova Scotia (Acadia) and called the spot La Heve. Down the coast they encountered Jean Rossignol, a Spanard who was trading with the Indians. Champlain considered this illegal activity and seized the furs and his ship. In recognition of this event he named the area Port Rossignol.
May 24: The two ships of the De Chaste Trading Company are anchored at the mouth of the Saguenay River near Tadoussac, Quebec. The Montagnis Tabagies festivals were being conducted at this time in this ancient trading location. They had ten kettles, likely received in trade, filled with moose, bear, seal and beaver, positioned twenty feet apart. Anadabijou and 80-100 savages attended the Tabagies. They had no French manners and ate with their fingers, which they wiped on themselves or on their hunting dogs.
May 27: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is told that the Etchemins, the Algonkins and the Montagnais- numbering 1,000 men- had warred against the Iroquois at the mouth of the Iroquois River and had killed and scalped a hundred of them. Anadaabijou said that they had to rely wholly on surprise, for they are outnumbered by the Iroquois and wouldn’t dare to attack them openly. This sounds more like exaggeration in an attempt to impress the French in order to demonstrate what they had to offer the French for an alliance. Champlain also believed them to be great liars (exaggeration of the facts).
June 9: Tadoussac, at this time, numbered 1,000 men, women and children. Dancing (the girls at times naked) , races, feasting and gift giving is evident. Champlain discovered that they believed in the Great Spirit who created all things including the world and the people. They believe in the immortality of the soul.
June 11: (I)-Francois Grave du Pont, accompanied by (I)-Samuel de Champlain, explored up the Saguenay River for 35 miles. They then journeyed up the St Lawrence River looking for Stadacona, but there was no sign of the village. The Savages told them of the saltwater Bay of the North, and Champlain believed it to be part of the Atlantic Ocean.
June 24: On the Sainte Croix River, on an Island (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) established a colony of 79 people but 35 died of scurvy the first winter. This is hard to believe as European sailor have know how to treat scurvy for over a thousand years, especially using the herb alexanders. It was some times called Scotch lovage or sea lovage.
June 29: (I)-Francois Grave du Pont, accompanied by (I)-Samuel de Champlain, explored Lac Saint Pierre and entered the mouth of the Richelieu River. They journeyed up the river to the Saint Pours Rapids and learned from the Savages of other lakes upstream which were later named Lake Champlain and Lake George. They were also told of the Great River that leads down to the coast of Florida, but more likely the Hudson River that empties at New York.
July: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) acquired a captured Iroquois woman from the Montagnais at Tadoussac and sent her to France, likely for education. He wrote at this time; “I must say however, that though Florida may have a more favorable climate than anything I’ve seen and it’s soil may be more fruitful, you could hardly hope to find a more beautiful country than Canada”.
July 11: By canoe, the party went to Sault Saint Louis or Lachine Rapids and the site of Hochelaga (Montreal), which no longer existed, and met with several bands of Algonquian. Everyone tells them of the great rivers and gigantic lakes. The savages described Niagara Falls, Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario, as well as the Detroit River to the St. Lawrence. He did not report encounters with the Iroquois as the Algonquian had displaced them to the south. Champlain believed the Three Rivers area would make an ideal place for settlement. He also believed in the monster Gougou, as he did of the dragons of Mexico. He also believed you could hardly hope to find a more beautiful country than Canada.
September 20: The De Caste Trading Company expedition returned to France and learned of the death of Chastes on May 13, 1603.
November 8: (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628), Governor of Acadia and owner of the fur trade monopoly of New France, for the next 10 years engaged (I)-Francois Graves and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), from 1604 to 1607, to search for the best location to establish a fur trading post before settling on Stadacona (Quebec city) which is a historic Native trading location. The venture is funded by Calvinists, as there are none among the Roman Orthodox with whom they could bargain. It is noteworthy that Cartier did not share the knowledge of avoiding scurvy, and it plagued the de Monts Acadian venture.
November 15: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) published his account of Des Sauvages. These friendly, hospitable people told (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay and the Mississippi River system leading to the Gulf of Mexico. It is noteworthy that (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) used an unnamed interpreter to converse with the inhabitants.
1604
The war with Spain made it difficult, if not impossible, to establish colonies in America until this time.
It is suggested that (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is in Acadia (1603-1607), A conflict with birth of Guillemette of 1606? (see 1602)
The Norman, Basque and Breton fisherman are regularly fishing for cod on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and along the coast of Nova Scotia.
Jean Rossignol a French trader was working the Port Royal area when the De Monts Trading Company seized his pelts and ship.
Some claim (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) visited the mouth of the Penobscot River (Maine). Samuel de Champlain sailed into the river estuary at what later became the seaport of St. John in New Brunswick, Canada.
The Saint Lawrence River (Quebec) was rejected as a possible French colony site because of the great number of free traders using that area and because they refused to yield to a French monopoly. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) named Prince Edward Island, Ile de Saint Jean.
(I)-Pierre Du Gua de Mont (1558-1628) sailed to La Heve (Halifax) Acadia and discovered a vessel whose Captain is named Rossignol and he captured the ship as a violation of his territory. The secular Priest Nicolas Aubrey went ashore at St Mary’s Bay and became lost but turned up 17 days later. Sieur De Poutrincourt of Picardies obtained a grant for Port Royal from (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Mont (1558-1628) that was later confirmed by the French King.
February: The De Monts Trading Company is formed to fur trade and colonize New France. Members include de Monts, du Pont and de Champlain.
March: (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Mont (1558-1628) commanded 4 ships with both Catholic and Huguenots but only Catholics are allowed to evangelize the savages. Two ships were to go to Tadousac and two ships to Acadia.
March 7: Two ships departed Havre-de-Grace for an expedition to Acadia New France. The De Monts Trading Company had sent du Pont from Havre de Grace, France to New France. Swiss guards were members of the first French expedition to launch a colony in Acadia. (I)- Jean de Biencourt, Sieur de Poutrincourt et de Saint-just, (1557-1615) asked (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628) if he could join the expedition to Acadia. They arrived Acadia at Saint Croix, which was a poor location and many settlers died of starvation, scurvy, or the cold winter. Monts sent Biencourt back to France with a load of furs.
April 7: (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628) and company departs for Acadia, his party includes (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), (I)- Jean de Biencourt, Sieur de Poutrincourt et de Saint-just, (1557-1615), Pontgrave, L’Escarbot, Champdore, Rossignol, Guillaume des Champs, Etienne Maitre, (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627), 120 men in total.
May 13: (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628), of the de Monts Trading Company, named Port au Mouton (Port Mouton, Nova Scotia) because a sheep had jumped overboard. Meanwhile (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) and Jean Ralluau explored the coast as far as the Bay of Fundy. De Monts and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) explored in a longboat, looking for the site for a settlement and for mineral deposits discovered in 1603 by de Prevert.
June: The French wintered on an island in the St. Croix River, Nova Scotia, marking the beginning of Acadia. St. Croix Island actually is in the the St. Croix River that separates New Brunswick and Maine but is eventually claimed by Maine. The Colony was attacked by a certain malady called the mal de la terre (scurvy). The majority of them could not rise nor move and could not even be raised up on their feet without falling down in a swoon, so that out of 79 who composed our party, 35 died and more than 20 were on the point of death. They opened several of them to determine the cause of their illness (performed autopsies). De Monts, a military man, said the decisive factor of location was that it could be made secure from attacks by the Indians.
June 24: (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Mont (1558-1628) and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) skirted the New Brunswick shore and entered the Saint John River then continued westward along the coast until they reached a desolate, sandy Island which de Monts named Ile Sainte Croix. They built a palisade, houses for 80 colonists, and planted wheat (rye). The Island had no fresh water or firewood, which indicates their level of incompetence. They would pay a terrible price for this mistake. (I)-Guillaume des Champs and (I)-Maitre Etienne also practiced medicine. (I)-Pierre Du Gua Monsieur de Monts (1558-1628) was a Huguenot and expected the promised religious freedom but received orders to convert the Natives to the Catholic faith. The first resident, Christian missionary is Father (I)-Nicholas Aubry, a secular priest who, with thirty-six other immigrants, died of scurvy during the first winter.
Early Fall: (I)- Jean de Biencourt, Sieur de Poutrincourt et de Saint-just, (1557-1615) and 40 men returned to France.
October 2: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) returned to St. Croix Island, the dwellings were completed and 4 days later the snow began to fall. The storehouse had no cellar and air that entered through the cracks was more severe than that out side. Ice flow cut them off from a wood supply. Champlain wrote the colony was hit by landsickness (scurvy)- – of 79 of us, 35 died, and more than 20 were very near it – - we could find no remedy with which to cure this malady. A group of eleven remained well – - a jolly company of hunters who preferred rabbit hunting to the air of the fireside; skating on ponds, to turning over lazy in bed; making snow balls to bring down the game, to sitting around the fire talking about Paris and its good cooks.
1605
The Danes hire the Englishman James Hall to make a trip to Terra Nova. He seized three Eskimos, along with their kayaks, as slaves.
Grand-Pre, Acadia was first settled in 1605 through 150 years to the deportation in 1755 when it was burned to the ground by the British.
Francisco Fernandez de Ecija is dispatched by the governor of Florida to investigate an Anglo-French exploring and trading expedition. In Saint Helna Sound on the Carolina coast, he captured the expeditions two ships.
(I)- Jean de Biencourt, Sieur de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just, (1557-1615) returned to Acadia with (I)-Louis Hebert, (1527-1627), others suggest he was in charge in Poutrincourt absence. (I)-Marc Leslarsot and others hoping to create an agriculture center. Those who went to Acadia colony numbered 19 including their minister (I)-Nicolas Aubry a Huguenot. It is suggested that (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is in Acadia (1603-1607), A conflict with birth of Guillemette of 1606? (see 1602)
June 18: (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628) and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the de Monts Trading Company, sailed south as far as Massachusetts Bay and Nauset Harbour, Massachusetts, searching for a better site for their colony. He visited Cape Cod, hoping to establish a French colony here, but abandoned the idea because too many people already lived there. When they returned, the St. Croix river settlement was already dismantled and moved to Port Royal, Acadia. A new supply ship had arrived from France with 40 new colonists.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) discovered that the savages were growing ‘sunchokes’ in their vegetable gardens and thought they tasted like Artichokes. The People however called them ‘sun roots’.
Fort Port Royal (1605-1613)
Port Royal The French trading post of St. Croix River moved across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, Acadia.
March: by this month, thirty six settlers perished leaving only 44 men and they would have perished if the natives hadn’t provided them with food.
June 15: (I)- Jean de Biencourt, Sieur de Poutrincourt et de Saint-just, (1557-1615) returned to Acadia just as the colony was relocation to Port Royal. As they were relocating they were greeted by Basque Metis and St. Malo trader offsprings.
September: (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628) returns to France to attend to finances, leaving (I)-Francois Grave du Pont (1554-1629) in charge of the Monts Trading Company. A storm blew de Monts landward where five men disembarked at Cape Cod and 4 are killed by the savages. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) was commissioned to conduct exploration. The forty some men who remained behind planted gardens and built a pond with trout. A Roman Catholic and a Protestant Huguenot minister are among those who remained. These clerics even came to blows at times, but scurvy claimed them both at the same time. They are buried in a common grave to see if they could rest in peace when dead. The outlay exceeded the receipts and, thereby, doomed the venture. The French had failed to either establish sufficient trading relationships with the Natives or discover harbors suitable for settlement. They blamed the Natives for being uncivilized. They contend the people of the interior are more civilized. The Company grant is revoked, they say because of the jealousy and importunity of certain Basque and Briton merchants.
1606
(I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is claimed by Kebec but his first venture to New France was at Port Royal, Acadia (Annapolis, Nova Scotia) from early 1603 to September 1607. It is believed he experimented with agriculture, the first known crops by Europeans, in Canada. It is suggested that (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is in Acadia (1603-1607), A conflict with birth of Guillemette of 1606? and his other children (see 1602)
John Knight, an Englishman hired by the Danes, in search of the Northwest Passage, got stuck in ice off the coast of Labrador, north of Nain.
The coast of New England is officially called Northern Virginia, and King James I, in 1606, granted the entire region to the Northern Virginia Company. The first charter of the Virginia Company declared that all colonists and their descendents would enjoy all liberties. This contrasts with French rule that demands absolute obedience to King and God.
The English believe the French viewed the New World as a potential source of raw material.
The English, in contrast, is overpopulated, saying the land grows weary of its People. Emigration is therefore encouraged in order to form self-supporting agricultural communities. Agriculture is not a high French objective, but they are eventually forced into farming.
Word reaches Port Royal, Acadia that the Company of Merchants had broken up and therefore no new supplies would be sent to Port Royal. They were on their own.
Francisco Fernandez de Ecija led an expedition to find and remove the English settlers at Croatoan along the North Carolina coast. He search the Carolina coast from Santa Elena (Port Royal Sound) and Cape Fear. He found nothing and was unaware of the English at Jamestown.
March 16: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) set out on an abortive expedition, reaching only as far as Port aux Coquilles on the St. Croix River.
May 13: (I)-Jean de Biencourt, Sieur de Pountrincourt (1557-1615), joins the de Monts Company. He arrived in Acadia with his son, (II)-Charles de Biencourt, Baron de Saint Just (1591-1623), and (I)-Jean Ralluau, (I)-Marc Lescarbot (1570-1642), (I)-Louis Herbert (1575-1727). (I)-Louis Herbert grew herbs to use as medicine to treat sick settlers and returned to France in 1616, but would return to New France in 1617.
July 27: The de Monts Company ship reached Port Royal, Acadia and they planted apple trees from Normandy. They began to construct a road from Port Royal to Cape Digby.
September 5: De Poutrincourt and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) explored south as far as Martha’s Vineyard before returning on November 14.
1607
(I)-Louis Herbert was in Port Royal from the summer of 1606 through the winter of 1606/1607. Others who wintered were Poutrincourt (Lord of the Manor), Champlain, Biencourt, Marc L’Escarbot, (the lawyer), Pontgrave Champdoré, and Daniel Hay (surgeon)
Merchants ignored the trade monopoly, and free trade contributed to the collapse of the Monts Trading Company.
(I)-Marc Lescarbot (1570-1642) wrote: by all accounts everyone ate well at Port Royal: stone-ground whole wheat bread, sturgeon, lobster, crabmeat, mussels, vegetables including corn, squash, beans and cabbage. Of all their meats none is so tender as moose and none so delicate as beaver tail. A bottle of wine topped off the menu.
Six men die at Port Royal from the exertion of grinding grain by hand, so de Pountrincourt built a water driven mill on the Allains River.
(I)-John Popham and (I)-Ferdinando Gorges of the Northern Virginia Company, established a trading post on an island in the mouth of the Kennebec River. One hundred English settlers established Fort St. George (Popham Colony) (I)-Raleight Gilbert is appointed Governor. Confronted by numerous well armed Indians, the settlers abandoned this project within a month. Some suggest Thomas Dale was the Governor of the failed Virginia colony and that he quit upon hearing of the French settlement, that America was not big enough to contain both the French and English.
Others suggest The Plymouth Company under command of George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert established an English colony at the mouth of the Kennebec River, Maine. They report that the French were in the area. The cold winter of 1607/08 discouraged this venture. They all returned to England in 1608.
Still others suggest Captains Popham & Gilbert established a colony on the River Sagadahock New England (Maine) and with 100 men built Fort George. The colony was abandoned in 1608 as their patron had died.
King James of England extended their right of occupation from 33rd degree of north latitude up to the 45th degree giving them power to attack all foreigners whom they might find within these limits of 50 miles out to sea. They thus claimed the southern half of Acadia (Nova Scotia) and the southern half of Maine. To the south they claimed the northern 2/3 of South Carolina. The actual Royal patents reads “we give them all the lands up to the 45 degree, which do not actually belong to any Christian Prince. This French king already claimed and possessed the said lands to the 39 degree and that included New York and New Jersey. The Jesuit claim in 1523 the French through discover had claimed to the 33 degree to include the Carolina’s and North. The maps of this time issued by Spain, Italy, Holland, Germany, and England her self acknowledged New France down to the 38 degree or New Jersey North. The English Kings proclamation established the rules to ensure war would be inevitable between England and France.
From 1607 to 1613 no European remained in Acadia, the area however was visited by traders and fishermen during this period.
Bartholomew Gosnold (1572-1607) carried 52 of the original Jamestown colonists to the Virginia coast.
May: John Smith and Christopher Newport ventured up the James River as far as Richmond from Jamestown.
May 24: The forced collapse of the Monts Trading Company resulted in the employees being ordered back to France, including all colonists. Which they did in the fall of this year.
August 11: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) sailed for Canso, Acadia ( Nova Scotia).
December: John Smith (1579-1631) led an expedition up the Chickahominy River from Jamestown and was captured by the Powhatan for three months. He wrote in 1616: “New England is that part of America in the South Sea, and here are no hard Landlords to racke us with high rents, or extorted fines to sonsume us, no tedious pleas in law to consume us, so freely hath God and his Majesty bestowed those blessings on them that will attempt to obtaine them, as here every man may be master and owner of his owne labour and land, or the greatest part in small time.”
1608
Population of Kebec 31 French, 28 being workmen building the trading post.
The Virginia Company on the Kennebec River is abandoned, as the Indians refused to trade.
(I)-Bonerme, the first surgeon in Canada accompanied (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) this year. He died Kebec the winter of 1608-1609.
(I)-Jean Duval arrived Kebec. Some suggest Nouvelle-France was started with 6 families totaling 28 people. Twenty would die the first winter. Duval conspired against Champlain and is executed in Kebec. His three companions are returned to France.
A settlement ship to Jamestown included five Poles. Their numbers would rise to forty-five. This clearly indicated that non-English was allowed in the colonies.
France, on the other hand, only wanted Roman Catholic French in their Colony.
Kebec Settlement (Kebec means Narrow Passage)
Quebec Settlement This drawing is based on a sketch by Champlain. The population of Quebec is some 25-28 persons. Others suggest Fort Quebec, at this time it, is no more than a minor trading post. This is likely, based on the fact that 16 men died of scurvy, leaving a crew of 9-10 men. The name Quebec is from the native word Kebec which means narrowing of the waters. The first task is to build a storehouse, three main buildings and then to plant a garden. This Stadacona location, where the waters narrow, is an excellent location, designed to restrict free trade and impose a French monopoly on the trade route. Stadacona, in 1535, was a well constructed town of 500 Iroquois. There is some evidence to suggest they were absorbed into the Huron culture.
(I)-Jean Duval, d-1608, a workman, and four others arrived Kebec 1608 and are plotting to kill (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635). They hoped to become agent and intended to turn the trading post over to the Basque or Spanish to encourage free trade and, thereby, profit. Others suggest the Basque had bribed Duval and company. (I)-Jean Antoine Natel, d-1608, a sailor and locksmith also arrived Kebec 1608, one of the conspirators, told the French of the plan, resulting in the hanging of (I)-Jean Duval, d-1608. His severed head is impaled on a pike and placed in full view. Three other conspirators are sent home (to France) in chains. Unknown to the French, the St. Lawrence River valley is a disputed territorial zone. The Algonquian people, having recently recovered their lands from the Iroquois, easily enter into alliance with the French. This is probably the reason they did not challenge the (I)-Francois Grave, sieur Du Pont (Pontegrave) (1560-1629) settlement at Stadacona (Kebec).
Champdore visited Port Royal saying it was in good order.
Mathieu da Costa, an African Blackman signed a contract in Amsterdam to provide service in Canada or Acadia to Pierre du gua de Monts for the years 1609 to 1612.
January 7: The de Mont Trading Company monopoly is extended for one year. Three ships are sent out; one to revive the colony at Port Royal, one to the lower St. Lawrence, and one to found a post at Quebec under the direction of (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635).
April 13: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) departed France aboard the Don de Dieu.
June 3: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived Tadoussac, Quebec. Some suggest (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) is on this ship but others suggest he didn’t arrive until 1610. Basque traders are working Tadoussac, Quebec at the mouth of the Saguenay River when the de Monts Trading Company arrived. Some suggest (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677) and (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1633) were on this ship with (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) and became the best of friends. (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677) reported to the King of France and was not subject to Champlain. (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677) remained at Tadoussac from 1608 to 1635 remaining even during the English occupation. (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677) lived in a building constructed in 1600 by (I)-Pierre Chauvin, d-1602 and lived among the Montagnais and Saguenay peoples as interpreter/trader. (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677) was called the Little King of Tadoussac and he fathered a number of Metis children among the Montagnais.
April 13: Tadoussac, A Basque fur-trader is told to stop trading by (I)-Francois Grave, sieur Du Pont (Pontegrave) (1560-1629) and the Basque set upon Pontgrave with musket and cannon, killing one man and severely wounding two others, including Pontgrave. However upon (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrive the Basques were greatly outnumbered and agreed to a truce, not to molest Pontgrave or De Monts. It is noteworthy that Pontegrave was in command and Champlain was a geographer.
April 13: (I)-Nicolas Marsolet de Saint-Aignan (1587-1677) is appointed by King Henry IV as drogman (interpreter) to La Nouvelle France. He arrived with (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) who disliked Nicolas because he reported directly to the King. To ensure he didn’t interfere with his domain he assigned him to Tadoussac where he stayed from 1608 to 1635. He took a country wife and fathered Metis children. It is noteworthy that Tanguay was well aware of Nicolas Metis children but made no mention. His second marriage 1636, Kebec to Marie Lebarbier age 16 was well noted with their 10 children.
HABITATION AT KEBEC Quebec Settlement
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) returning from an exploration up the St. Lawrence River. This Hanitation at Kebec was built by 30 men in only three months.
July 3: (I)-Pierre Du Gua de Monts (1558-1628), (I)-Francois Grave, sieur Du Pont (Pontegrave) (1560-1629), and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the de Monts Trading Company, established the first permanent official French settlement and some claim it to be the oldest city in Canada- Quebec City. The first French settlement in Canada, however, is Port Royal (1605-1613).
July 3: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) lands at Acadia with 30 carpenters, stonemasons and artisans and builds a permanent fur-trading post at Place-Royale, thinking the spot allows him to control the St. Lawrence R. Not everyone wants him to succeed. Some of his men are bribed by Basques to kill him and steal his provisions. One of them, (I)-Antoine Natel informs and they are captured and tried. Their leader (I)-Jean Duval is hung and his head is piked.
July 4: Kebec: Sieur Jean Duval and four others conspire to kill Champlain and turn Kebec over to the Basque and Spanish for great profit. Sieur Natel told sieur Testu who told Champlain of the plot. Jean Duval was piked and the remaining three conspirators sent back to France. The piking was deemed necessary as an example to the Basque and Spaniards who were about in large numbers in New France.
September: (I)-Francois Grave, sieur Du Pont (Pontegrave) (1560-1629) returned to France, leaving (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) as his agent. Over the winter, out of twenty-two (others suggest 27 or 28) men, all but eight of the colony died of scurvy and dysentery. (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1633), a sixteen year-old lad, is among the survivors. They had brought cows, but no one knew how to assist in their calving and they died. It would appear that women in France did the calving. Champlain worked on his maps this winter.
November: Kebec, death (I)-Antoine Natel, a sailor.
1609
Population of Kebec 25 French
(I)-Claude De Saint Etienne De La Tour and his son (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) arrived Acadia and built a fort at Penobscot River, Acadia, later he would move to Port Royal, Acadia. His friend (II)-Charles Biencourt (1591-1623) settled near Port Royal, Acadia.
Joseph Martin, b-1609, a Matchonon (Huron) Savage, possible Metis son (I)-Abraham Martin dit L’Ecossais (1589-1664). (I)-Abraham and Marguerite Langlois, likely a savage, had a daughter (II)-Anne b-1614, no birth location given and a son (II)-Eustache b-1621 Kebec, and daughter (II)-Marguerite b-1624, Kebec, and (II)-Helene, b-1627, Kebec.
CHAMPLAIN’S WAR AGAINST THE IROQUOIS
Champlain’s WarA French engraving from 1613, made from a drawing supplied by Champlain with his arquebus (harquebus). Some suggest his placement of himself between the apposing forces is highly unlikely. Some suggest Champlain entered into war because the Algonquian people said there would be no trade without a military partnership. This is highly unlikely as the French have been trading with the Algonquian people since at least 1599 and this is not consistent with their trading culture. The Iroquois and Algonquian people have been trading for centuries. It is more likely that Champlain wanted to demonstrate a superior power for his own glorification. However Champlain was accompanied, in his expedition against the Iroquois, by bands of Huron, Algonquins, Iroquets, and Montagnais. As a result the Algonquins were attracted to the St. Lawrence, and settle chiefly at Three Rivers.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) entered into a trading partnership with the Herons hopefully to stimulate the fur trade.
Nicolas du Vignau was sent to live among the Algonquins on the Ottawa River.
Étienne Brûlé (1592-1633) was sent by Champlain to live among the Hurons
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the de Monts Trading Company, solidified his alliance with the Algonquian by participating in a battle at Lake Champlain against the Iroquois. Others suggest that (I)-Samuel de Champlain supported the Huron (a Wendat-Iroquois speaking people) to attack the Iroquois Nation at Richelieu River, thereby starting a hundred year war. Still others suggest that 9 French and 300 Huron marched south to attack the Iroquois. Many returned to Kebec, and Champlain says, with 6 men and 60 Huron, they faced 200 Iroquois (likely a highly exaggerated number). (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) claimed to have killed three Iroquois at 27 meters, but this is an obvious lie as his gun is incapable of the feat. arquebus (harquebus) were slow and cumbersome in their action, taking several minutes to prime, load and fire. It was said an expert could shoot his weight in shot before killing anyone. The kick was so heavy, sometimes it dislocated the shoulder or collar-bone of the shooter. It wasn’t until 1670 that the gun became superior to the bow and arrow. Champlain likely fired from an ambush position, and the sound frightened the Iroquois, but this would only work once. Native historic conflicts usually did not result in death to either side. It was a time to demonstrate superior strength and skills. The French word Huron for the Wendat people is a contemptuous term, also used to describe peasants in France.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) claimed to have defeated the Iroquois, but it is more likely the Iroquois withdrew to debate in council why the French did not follow the century old rules of conduct between rival cultures. Hundreds of French would pay with their lives, but the Huron would be annulated for the stupidity of this man.
What ever the real truth is, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) sealed his alliance with the Huron in blood and, for almost a century the, Kebec settlers would pay the price of making the Iroquois their mortal enemy.
Unable to renew his trading monopoly, (I)-Gua de Monts is forced to form a partnership with Rouen merchants.
Hendrik Hudson discovered the South River aka. Delaware to become the Southern limits of New Holland and northern limits of New Sweden.
Samuel Argall, an Englishman (1572-1626) sailed to Jamestown basically as a pirate.
Francisco Fernandez de Ecija again sailed the Atlantic coast looking for English settlements. He spotted smoke signals along the Carolina Outer Banks but no Europeans.
February: Ten men are dead and 18 are sick at Kebec. Only 8 men out of 28 would survive the winter. 14 died of scurvy and 18 from dysentery.
April: Only eight men of the Kebec colony remain alive. Kebec received supplies from France after a disastrous winter marked by severe scurvy. Twenty of twenty-eight traders died. Two thirds died from scurvy and one third as a result of dysentery.
April 6: (I)-Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch East India Company up the Hudson River as far as Albany, New York. He traded liquor with the Mohawks.
June 28: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) set out to explore the Iroquois country with 11 Frenchmen and 60 Natives. He made a strategic decision to support the Algonquin and Huron Peoples against the Iroquois in the hope of furthering his trading and exploration activities. It is amazing that Champlain, so far, has survived on a series of failures: first, by selecting St. Croix, resulting in serious loss; second, in failing to find a colony site; and now creating an enemy when in a vulnerable condition, having nearly lost the infant Colony last winter.
July 3: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) recruited 20 men from Tadoussac but only 4 guns (arguebus).
July 13: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) traveled up the Richelieu River with two Frenchmen and their Indian allies, reaching Lake Champlain and Lake George.
July 24: Francisco Fernandez de Ecija tried to enter Chesapeake Bay but is blocked by an English ship. He returned to Saint Augustine by September 24.
July 29: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) and his war party met a large party of Iroquois near Ticonderoga, New York, and both parties accepted a challenge to do battle. Champlain had no ideal of the nature of engagement in America, nor of the diplomatic process to avoid serious conflict. Again Champlain shows his ignorance and commits France and New France to a century long war. Some suggest it wasn’t his fault, and the clash is, or would be, inevitable, as an ongoing European clash exported to the New World. This European religious and cultural pathology could have been avoided by a more astute authority. Champlain greatly embellished his role in the encounter and the number of Mohawks (Iroquois).
September 5: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) sailed from Tadoussac, arriving France on October 13. His gifts to the King included a Mohawk scalp.
September 24: Francisco Fernandez de Ecija reported finding the English Jamestown and also reported the strategic importance of Chesapeake Bay as an English base from which to takeover Spanish lands in North America.
As hard as it was for me to believe, our Deyo family name is not from the Netherlands and/or Huguenot communities as I had earlier thought but rather it comes down a more circuitous, and I might say “interesting” route. Let me explain what I have thus far unearthed:
Leona Deyo, my grandmother (father’s mother) was born to George Deyo and Exina Minor in upstate New York in 1906.
Her father, George Deyo, was born in 1868 of Mary Ann Burnah (Marie-Anne Bonin) and John Deyo (alternately known as: John Deo, John Dion and Jean Baptiste Dion).
Jean Baptiste Dion was born in 1838 in Rouses Point, New York of Joseph Dion (also known as: Joseph Deyo, Joseph Deo, and Peter Deyo) and Julienne Denis (aka: Julia Faye and W. Julienne LaFaille).
Joseph Dion was born in St. Hyacinthe, Quebec in 1810 of Benoit Guyon (aka. Benoit Dion) and Marie Alain.
Benoit Guyon was the son of Joseph Benjamin Guyon and Brigitte Dion born in 1772.
Joseph Benjamin Guyon born 1748 was the son of Claude Guyon and Marie Geneviève Martineau.
Claude Guyon was born in 1720 to Claude Guyon (the elder) and Francoise Gagnon.
Claude Guyon (the elder) was born in 1693 to Jean Guyon and Marie Pepin.
Jean Guyon, born in 1656, was the son of Claude Guyon (the eldest??) and Catherine Collin.
Jean Guyon dit Dion was born in 1592 in Perche, France to Jacques Guyon and Mathurine Robin
Jacques Guyon was born in 1562 to Mathurin Guyon and Madeline Aymard.
So as you can see, the Deyos are by virtue of time, transliteration and Anglicisation really part of the Guyon family.
If you want a copy of the GEDCOM file for the Deyos, once I am done with my major efforts, please let me know. I am happy to share the tree. As of this writing the tree contains nearly 500 people.
Genealogy of Canada is a great site for researching French Canadian ancestry. I discovered the site two days ago when I was stumped trying to locate some relatives.
The site is developed primarily for native French Canadian language speakers and offered in translated English. I have had no major problems with the English variant; it is much better than my French!
I have encountered a couple of minor problem issues that are worth noting:
source references are difficult, if not impossible to view.
it is difficult to send bulk data to the site for inclusion in their database
These are small prices to pay for what is an excellent, albeit partial, set of genealogical pointers and tips.
Eli Deyo was born in Lacolle, Province of Quebec, Canada around the year 1850 according to a copy of the marriage certificate issued to him by the Town of Alburg, Vermont when he married Miranda BABBA in Alburg, Vermont on January 6, 1875. He gave his age then as 23. Also according to this marriage certificate this was the second marriage for Eli DEYO and the first for Miranda Babba. The writer has had no success in trying to learn more about Eli’s first marriage-whether it took place in Canada or the United States. Research will continue in an attempt to learn more about this event.
The United States “Special Census of 1896″ for the Town of Altona, Clinton County, New York indicates that Eli Deyo was married to a 2nd wife by the name of Flora Babbia. It is not known at this time if this is an error or whether when Miranda Babba/Babbin died Eli married her sister or other relative names Flora Babbin.
Should the “Special Census of 1896 records be correct in showing Eli Deyo being married to two different women at those times by the name of BABBIN then it means that at that point in time Eli Deyo had been married three times. The name Babbin as recorded in New York State has to be in error as the name was correctly known and spelled as BABBA in Alburg, Vermont. Miranda Babba was born in Alburg, Vermont around the year 1853, the daughter of George And Liza Babba. It is not known(if in fact the record is correct) where Eli Deyo married Flora Babbin, Perhaps New York State.
Later records indicate that Eli Deyo must have become a widower again following the special census of 1896 in Altona, New York and subsequently married a widow by the name of Philomina (LaFountain) Derry. She had four daughters by her previous husband. It is also believed that, she was born in Malone, New York on April 18, 1859.
Eli Deyo died in Springfield, Massachusetts on January 16,1924 at the age of 72 years, 9 months and 1 day. He is buried in the St. Mary’s Cemetery in Hampden, Massachusetts.
(document converted from the original text scan with minor edits and spelling corrections by Mark F. Rabideau on 20 February 2010)
The Deyos- 1800-1982 [written by Wilfred Frank Deyo circa 1982]
The writer, Wilfred Frank Deyo will incorporate -the following information available as of October 8, 1982 into the “Deyo Family History”- 1800-1982-From Canada to the United States of America which he hopes to put together in the not too distant future. More
The last few weeks have been quite interesting in terms of new discoveries, etc. Per normal, I’ll simply enumerate them in an outline (I’m not feeling terribly prosaic right now).
I discovered that my entire Deyo line and genealogy was wrong. I had our lineage going through New Paltz and New Amsterdam. It turns out that the family actually came out of Quebec and earlier France. The more I look down my father’s line the more French it becomes!
In that same vein I discovered through the help of some wonderful people, my great-grandmother’s family- the Minors and Paiges. My work in their lineage seems to be making some fairly surprising and quick progress. Several of our readers have provided me wonderful insights and help. Thank you! If you want to follow my research on this line you should be able to find it on Ancestry.com.
On to my mother‘s side, I discovered yet another sibling for my grandfather (Opa) and also discovered I missed getting a great-uncle’s birth correct- an error I intend to fix.
I have received some wonderful assistance from fellow yahoo group members on gathering new photos for my Elbing and post-World War 2 Germany collections. Vielen dank!
Probably one of the best pieces of news I have to share is that ManyRoads was visited last month (Jan 2010) by nearly 4000 of you. I am honored.
I hope to keep my genealogy work underway and the ManyRoads postings regular. My plans constantly change, so who knows; but with any luck we should see information soon on the Quebec to US migrations, genealogy tool use and recommendations… plus whatever else pops up in my digging.
Today was one of those great days for a genealogist… I found some lost relatives. We had been looking for years to try and figure out who my gg-grandmother’s family was and today Mary Ann Giza from the Town Clerk’s Office in Easthampton, Mass tracked Exina down and sent us the news. We are VERY grateful.
Tscheljabmetallurgstroj des NKVD der UdSSR –
das Groesste Zwangsarbeitslager Fuer Russlanddeutsche
Genesis, Purpose and Assignments, Structure (Entstehung, Aufgabe, Struktur)
Krieger, Dr. Viktor. “Chelyabmetallurgstroy of the NKVD of the USSR — The Largest Forced Labor Camp for German-Russians.” Volk auf dem Weg, June 2006, 20-22.
source article used with permission from from the Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, North Dakota State University Libaries, Fargo, ND (www.ndsu.edu/grhc)
This write-up is my effort to document the circumstances and images surrounding the Gulag complex to which Frieda Senger was assigned and interned after World War 2 by the Soviets For more information see:
Chelyabinsk was the location of a Soviet Gulag. Chelyabinsk ITL (Work Improvement Camp) was in existence from November 1941 until October 1951. At its height, it held 15,400 persons who were employed building a smelter used for Industrial, Highway, Civil and Residential construction, as well as in open-cast mining.
Additionally there was a Prisoner of War Camp #68 for German POWs in Chelyabinsk. Severely ill POWs were treated in POW Hospital 5882. A German POW mass grave was found about 12 km (8 miles) East of the city.
The information contained in this Posting was sourced from numerous websites (all noted below) and is presented here to facilitate our genealogical research. All rights belong to the original authors. This is being used under the laws of ‘fair use’.
Between 1634 and 1663, 262 filles à marier or “marriageable girls” emigrated to New France representing one quarter of all the single girls arriving in New France through 1673. They were recruited and chaperoned by religious groups or individuals who had to assure and account for their good conduct. In general, they were poor, although there were some members of the petty nobility among their ranks. More
